Home > Articles

This chapter is from the book

Egress Methods for Intercepted Connections

Cisco WAAS provides several options for handling egress traffic received on intercepted connections. These options allow for flexibility when determining where to integrate WAAS into the existing network infrastructure, and help preserve the original path selection for traffic flows. These deployment options, referred to as the egress methods for intercepted connections (EMIC), are discussed in detail in this section.

The first EMIC available in Cisco WAAS is IP forwarding. Egress traffic received on intercepted connections is forwarded based on the configuration of the local WAE routing table, which typically means that traffic is forwarded to the configured default gateway. In addition to supporting a single default gateway, WAAS supports up to 1024 static routes. Static routes are configured with a next hop IP address of a directly connected interface; recursive next hop IP addresses are not supported. Although it is possible to configure multiple static routes for the same destination, there is no support for equal-cost multipath (ECMP). Only a single route will be installed in the routing table at a time. It should be noted that traffic originating from the WAE itself will also use IP forwarding, regardless of the EMIC configuration. The IP forwarding EMIC is suited for very basic topologies where only a single egress path for traffic exists, or in situations where other EMICs are not supported.

For more complex topologies, the IP forwarding EMIC can lead to undesirable forwarding of traffic for intercepted connections. Take for example the topology shown in Figure 4-18. This example shows a remote office with multiple WAN routers connecting to diverse circuits. Traffic can enter or leave the site through either router. When multiple paths exist for traffic leaving a site, it is common for either HSRP or the Gateway Load Balancing Protocol (GLBP) to be used for default gateway redundancy. HSRP provides an active/standby configuration based on a virtual IP (VIP) address. At any given point in time, a single VIP address is "active" on one of the routers. Hosts are configured with the HSRP VIP address as their default gateway, causing all traffic from those hosts to be forwarded to one of the two routers. In the case of GLBP, either router can be selected as the outbound path for a host, depending on the specific GLBP configuration. Because GLBP operates based on MAC addresses, a WAE running Cisco WAAS appears as a single host. This means that traffic egressing a WAE will also select one of the two routers to forward outbound traffic to. For deployments that use GLBP for default-gateway redundancy, the issue with IP forwarding is the most pronounced.

Figure 4-18

Figure 4-18 Branch Topology with Multiple Entry and Exit Points

You can see in the previous example how all egress traffic from the WAE is "pinned" to a single router. This can defeat the purpose of deploying GLBP in the first place, which is to distribute outbound traffic across both routers.

There are several options with WAAS for preserving the network path affinity originally chosen by the host system or network elements. The first two options leverage the WCCPv2 return mechanism. You'll recall from earlier in this chapter that the WCCPv2 return mechanism is used by WCCPv2 clients to handle bypass traffic by sending it back to the WCCPv2-enabled router that redirected it. Cisco WAAS has the ability to leverage the return method negotiated between the router and WAE for forwarding egress traffic from the WAE. The following CLI command changes the default EMIC from IP forwarding to negotiated return:

   egress-method negotiated-return intercept-method wccp

If GRE is the return method negotiated between the WAE and IOS, traffic received on optimized connections is encapsulated in a GRE header with a destination IP address of the WCCPv2 router ID and a source IP address of the WAE. When the WCCPv2-enabled IOS device receives the GRE-encapsulated packet, it removes the GRE header and forwards the packet normally. Because the GRE header uses a source IP address of the WAE, the IOS WCCPv2 process knows not to re-intercept the packet. This capability to return traffic to the IOS device that redirected it allows for the preservation of the original path selection made by the host or network infrastructure.

Another benefit of the GRE return method is that the WAE can reside on the same IP subnet with clients or servers that it optimizes connections for. This greatly simplifies branch deployments by removing the requirement for a separate subnet dedicated to the WAE. Figure 4-19 shows the same topology as Figure 4-18, except using the negotiated return EMIC instead of IP forwarding.

Figure 4-19

Figure 4-19 Branch Topology Using GRE Return EMIC

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020