Home > Articles

Data Representation

This chapter is from the book

Exception Handling

Data contracts also assist in being able to notify clients of exceptions that may occur in a service. Too see how that works, follow these steps:

  1. Add this class to the Program.cs module of the Serialization project referred to previously:
    public class SomeError
    {
      public string Content;
    }
  2. Create a data contract from that class using the DataContract and DataMember attributes:
    [DataContract]
    public class SomeError
    {
      [DataMember]
      public string Content;
    }
    This yields a data contract that specifies the format of a simple error message that the service might send to the client.
  3. Add an operation to the IServiceViewOfService interface that defines the service's version of the service's contract:
    [OperationContract(Name="Faulty")]
    decimal DivideByZero(decimal input);
  4. Add a fault contract to the operation, informing clients that they should anticipate that, instead of returning the expected result, the service may return an error message of the form defined by the SomeError data contract:
    [OperationContract(Name="Faulty")]
    [FaultContract(typeof(SomeError))]
    decimal DivideByZero(decimal input);
  5. Add an implementation of the DivideByZero() method to the DerivativesCalculator class, which is the service type that implements the DerivativesCalculator service contract defined by the IServiceViewOfService interface:
    public class DerivativesCalculator : IServiceViewOfService
    {
      [...]
      public decimal DivideByZero(decimal input)
      {
        try
        {
          decimal denominator = 0;
          return input / denominator;
        }
        catch (Exception exception)
        {
          SomeError error = new SomeError();
          error.Content = exception.Message;
          throw new FaultException<SomeError>(error);
        }
      }
    }
    By virtue of this code, when the service traps an exception in the DivideByZero() method, it creates an instance of the SomeError class to convey selected information about the exception to the caller. That information is then sent to the caller using the Windows Communication Foundation's generic, FaultException<T>.
  6. Because of the FaultContract attribute on the DivideByZero() method, if the metadata for the service was to be downloaded, and client code generated from it using the Service Metadata Tool, the client's version of the contract would automatically include the definition of the DivideByZero() method, and its associated fault contract. However, in this case, simply add the method and the fault contract to the client's version of the contract, which is in the IClientViewOfService interface:
    [ServiceContract(Name="DerivativesCalculator")]
    [KnownType(typeof(DerivedData))]
    public interface IClientViewOfService
    {
      [...]
      [OperationContract(Name = "Faulty")]
      [FaultContract(typeof(SomeError))]
      decimal DivideByZero(decimal input);
    }
  7. Now have the client use the Faulty operation by adding code to the static Main() method of the Program class, as shown in Listing 3.4.

Example 3.4. Anticipating a Fault

public class Program
{
  public static void Main(string[] args)
  {
    using (ServiceHost host = new ServiceHost(
      typeof(DerivativesCalculator),
        new Uri[] {
          new Uri("http://localhost:8000/Derivatives") }))
    {
      host.AddServiceEndpoint(
        typeof(IServiceViewOfService),
        new BasicHttpBinding(),
        "Calculator");
      host.Open();

      Console.WriteLine("The service is available.");

      string address =
        "http://localhost:8000/Derivatives/Calculator";

      ChannelFactory<IClientViewOfService> factory =
        new ChannelFactory<IClientViewOfService>(
          new BasicHttpBinding(),
            new EndpointAddress(
              new Uri(address)));
      IClientViewOfService proxy =
        factory.CreateChannel();

      [...]

      try
      {
        Decimal quotient = proxy.DivideByZero(9);
      }
      catch (FaultException<SomeError> error)
      {
        Console.WriteLine("Error: {0}.", error.Detail.Content);
      }
      [...]
    }
  }
}

Because receiving an error message from an attempt to use the operation should be anticipated, as the FaultContract for the operation indicates, the client code is written to handle that possibility. That is accomplished using the Windows Communication Foundation's FaultException<T> generic, which was also used in the code for the service to convey information about an exception to the client. The Detail property of the FaultException<T> generic provides access to an instance of T, which, in this case, is an instance of the SomeError class that the client can interrogate for information about the error that occurred.

This approach to handling exceptions provided by the Windows Communication Foundation has multiple virtues. It allows the developers of services to easily define the structure of the error messages that they want to transmit to client programmers. It also allows them to advertise to client programmers which operations of their services might return particular error messages instead of the results they would otherwise expect. The service programmers are able to easily formulate and transmit error messages to clients, and client programmers have a simple syntax, almost exactly like ordinary exception-handling syntax, for receiving and examining error messages. Most important, service programmers get to decide exactly what information about errors that occur in their services they want to have conveyed to clients.

However, the design of the Windows Communication Foundation does anticipate the utility, solely in the process of debugging a service, of being able to return to a client complete information about any unanticipated exceptions that might occur within a service. That can be accomplished using the ReturnUnknownExceptionsAsFaults behavior.

Behaviors are mechanisms internal to Windows Communication Foundation services or clients. They may be controlled by programmers or administrators.

Those behaviors that programmers are expected to want to control are manipulated using attributes. For example, if a programmer knows that a service is thread-safe, the programmer can permit the Windows Communication Foundation to allow multiple threads to access the service concurrently by adding the ServiceBehavior attribute to the service's service type class, and setting the value of the ConcurrencyMode parameter of that attribute to the Multiple value of the ConcurrencyMode enumeration:

[ServiceBehavior(ConcurrencyMode=ConcurrencyMode.Multiple)]
public class DerivativesCalculator : IServiceViewOfService

Behaviors that administrators are expected to want to control can be manipulated in the configuration of a service or client. The ReturnUnknownExceptionsAsFaults behavior is one of those. This configuration of a service will result in any unhandled exceptions being transmitted to the client:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<configuration>
    <system.serviceModel>
        <services>
          <service type=
"DerivativesCalculator.DerivativesCalculatorServiceType,
DerivativesCalculatorService"
            behaviorConfiguration="DerivativesCalculatorBehavior">
                <endpoint
                    address=""
                    binding="basicHttpBinding"
                    contract=
"DerivativesCalculator.IDerivativesCalculator,DerivativesCalculatorService"
                />
            </service>
        </services>
        <behaviors>
            <behavior name="DerivativesCalculatorBehavior"
             returnUnknownExceptionsAsFaults="true"/>
        </behaviors>
    </system.serviceModel>
</configuration>

To reiterate, this configuration may be very useful for diagnosis in the process of debugging a service, but it is dangerous in debugging, because transmitting all the information about an exception to a client may expose information about the service that could be used to compromise it.

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020