Home > Articles > Programming > PHP

Alternatives to LAMP

The LAMP configuration (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP) is familiar to the open source universe. But just because this combination of products is comfortable, that doesn't mean that it provides the best solution for your systems. David Chisnall suggests some alternatives that might make a better match for your needs.
Like this article? We recommend

Most Free Software users are familiar with the Linux/Apache/MySQL/PHP stack—the LAMP configuration—a widely deployed set of software used for a large number of Internet and intranet applications. Although the LAMP configuration is the most frequently used, it’s not always the best tool for any given job. This article proposes some alternatives.

Alternatives to Linux

A number of free UNIX-like operating systems are available, with varying licenses. These include various BSD flavors and, recently, Solaris.

Solaris has traditionally had superb multithreading support, especially on large systems. With the current emphasis on multi-core processors, this capability is likely to become even more important. The latest version of the Solaris TCP/IP stack is heavily multithreaded, and therefore scales well to multiple processors.

When it comes to security, OpenBSD has a well-earned reputation as the operating system for the truly paranoid. The entire kernel and base system, including the OpenBSD fork of Apache, undergoes a constant auditing process. The OpenBSD attitude is that any bug is potentially exploitable, and when a bug is found by the auditing team the next step is to attempt to remove every single occurrence of that category of bug. This approach leads to an incredibly secure system.

The OpenBSD team are aware that they’re not infallible, so they take care to ensure that exploiting bugs is as difficult as possible. No area of memory on an OpenBSD system can be both writeable and executable at the same time, for example, which eliminates a significant number of arbitrary code execution vulnerabilities—even on platforms such as older x86 systems that don’t support page-level memory access controls. OpenBSD also provides significant protection against stack-smashing attacks and several other categories of exploit.

As well as security, OpenBSD is well-known for its firewalling and routing capabilities. The OpenBSD packet filter, pf, is incredibly powerful and easy to configure. Out of the box, an OpenBSD system supports features such as traffic shaping and transparent failover.

The major disadvantage of OpenBSD is its relatively primitive SMP support. While OpenBSD supports multiple processors, most of the kernel is still protected by a single lock. This effectively means that only a single process can be executing a system call at once, which limits the number of processors the system can use effectively.

FreeBSD scales somewhat better. During the 5.x series and the current 6.x series, there was a major focus on removing code from the big kernel lock, allowing more processes to make non-interfering system calls concurrently. In addition, recent FreeBSD kernels have adopted the N:M threading model pioneered by Solaris. This maps an arbitrary number of userspace threads to an arbitrary number of kernel threads. In general, there’s one kernel thread for every CPU, meaning that switching between threads in the same process, running on the same CPU, doesn’t require a costly context switch. NetBSD provides a similar model, although with a slightly different implementation.

FreeBSD has a reputation for stability, tarnished slightly by the 5.x series that never fully made it to a level where the team classed it as stable. Netcraft surveys show a number of machines that have been happily running 2.x series releases of FreeBSD for several years without needing a reboot.

One feature that makes FreeBSD popular with hosting companies is support for "jails," which can be thought of as an enhanced version of the traditional chroot. A user cannot escape from a jail (potential bugs notwithstanding), even if the user has root access. This means that an entire copy of the base system can be installed in a jail and a user given "root" privileges to this jail—without being able to affect the rest of the system. Unlike Xen and User-mode Linux, all FreeBSD jails use the same kernel, reducing hardware requirements.

NetBSD is well known for running on everything, including your toaster—a configuration they demonstrated at a show in 2005. For some hardware configurations, NetBSD is the only real choice. For others, such as SPARC32, it’s likely to be the fastest.

A side-effect of the portability of NetBSD is a very clean architecture. This comes across in the userland as well, making it a very easy system to administer, something helped enormously by the acclaimed NetBSD package management system, pkgsrc.

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020