Home > Articles > Certification > Cisco Certification > CCNP

This chapter is from the book

Scenario Answers

The answers are in bold. The answers provided in this section are not necessarily the only possible answers to the questions. The questions are designed to test your knowledge and to give practical exercise in certain key areas. This section is intended to test and exercise skills and concepts detailed in the body of this chapter.

If your answer is different, ask yourself whether it follows the tenets explained in the answers provided. Your answer is correct not if it matches the solution provided in the book, but rather if it has included the principles of design laid out in the chapter.

In this way, the testing provided in these scenarios is deeper: It examines not only your knowledge, but also your understanding and ability to apply that knowledge to problems.

If you do not get the correct answer, refer back to the text and review the subject tested. Be certain to also review your notes on the question to ensure that you understand the principles of the subject.

Scenario 6-1 Answers

Table 6-7 shows a possible addressing scheme using the criteria stated in Scenario 6-1.

Taking the private address 10.0.0.0, there is a great deal of flexibility in the addressing scheme that can be devised. It must be remembered, however, that careful filtering is required if the organization is to connect to the Internet.

The addressing scheme proposed here is broken out by area. It is not exhaustive in terms of designing an addressing policy down to the LAN level, as was shown in Chapter 3; instead, it deals with the principles of addressing and summarization.

Note in the allocation of addresses that this scenario deals with the allocation of subnets. The addresses displayed in this table are the address ranges of the available subnets, given the prefix length.

Table 6-7 Allocation of Addresses for Scenario 6-1

Area

Subnet/Prefix

Subnet Range

Reasons

0

10.0.0.0/28

10.0.0.16 to 10.0.255.224

The use of the zeros in the second octet is an easy reminder that you are in Area 0. Because Area 0 is a transit area, it will be small. The addressing within the area would be allocated the prefix of 28 bits, allowing the range of SUBNETS shown. The number of hosts on each of these subnets would be 15.

2

10.2.0.0/22

10.2.0.0 to 10.2.252.0

Again, the private addressing of 10.0.0.0 as a Class A address is so large that full use may be made of the documentation advantages of the addressing scheme. The second octet allows Area 2 to be identified. The prefix of 22 bits is used within the area. This allows 1022 hosts on each network, which is good for further VLSM and VLANs in switched environments.

3

10.3.0.0/24

10.3.0.0 to 10.3.255.0

The second octet identifies the area. Within the area, a 24-bit prefix is used to address the LANs.

4

10.4.0.0/28

. . .

10.4.100.0/30

Ethernet: 10.4.0.16 to 10.4.255.240

Serial: 10.4.100.0 to 10.4.100.250

The second octet identifies the area. Within the area, a 30-bit mask is used to identify the serial links on which only two addresses are needed. The subnet 10.4.100.0 was chosen as the subnet to sub-subnet for the serial links simply to ease troubleshooting—all serial links in the company in any area would be assigned the third octet of 100. A 28-bit mask was chosen for the Ethernet connections to allow the creation of many subnets.


Example 6-12 demonstrates a sample configuration for Scenario 6-1. The configuration file is for the central router.

Example 6-12 Sample Configuration of Scenario 6-1

Router(config)# router ospf 100
! Network Commands
Router(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
Router(config-router)# network 10.2.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
Router(config-router)# network 10.3.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 3
Router(config-router)# network 10.4.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 4
! Totally Stubby Area
Router(config-router)# area 3 stub no-summary
! Stub Area
Router(config-router)# area 4 stub
! Summarization between areas
Router(config-router)# area 0 range 10.0.0.0 255.255.255.0
Router(config-router)# area 2 range 10.2.0.0 255.255.0.0
Router(config-router)# area 3 range 10.3.0.0 255.255.0.0
Router(config-router)# area 4 range 10.4.0.0 255.255.0.0
Router(config)# interface e0
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.4.0.33 255.255.255.240
Router(config)# interface e1
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.4.0.17 255.255.255.240
Router(config)# interface e2
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.2.4.1 255.255.252.0
!Election of Designated Router
Router(config-if)# ip ospf priority 64
Router(config)# interface e3
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.193 255.255.255.240
!Ensures Router not elected as Designated Router
Router(config-if)# ip ospf priority 0
Router(config)# interface e4
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.129 255.255.255.240
!Ensures Router not elected as Designated Router
Router(config-if)# ip ospf priority 0
Router(config)# interface e5
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.3.3.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config)# interface e6
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.3.2.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config)# interface e7
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.3.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config)# interface s0
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.4.0.9 255.255.255.252
Router(config)# interface s1
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.4.0.5 255.255.255.252
!Router ID set by configuring the Router ID
Router(config)# interface loopback 0
Router(config-if)# ip address 10.100.100.101 255.255.255.255

Scenario 6-2 Answers

  1. There are problems with Router B. There is inconsistency in the routing table, and the system is extremely slow. What commands would be used to identify the problem? In examining the diagram and configuration, what problems can you see?

    Router B has been configured to be the designated router for the LAN, which means that it is dealing with all the traffic on the LAN associated with the management of OSPF. Given that the system is a 2500, it is a poor choice for a designated router. A better choice would be Router A, which is a larger system that connects directly to Area 0, making it is a better choice from the standpoint of the network design. If Router B were a larger system than a 2500, there could be an argument for making it the designated router to elevate Router A, which would otherwise be functioning as the ABR as well as the designated router.

    The router has not been configured as a stub, so the communication between Router A and Router B will be confused, preventing any communication between the two routers.

  2. Router A is having problems connecting to Area 0, which is causing problems in other areas because this router is used to connect to Area 0. What commands would be used to identify the problem? In examining the diagram and configuration, what problems can you see?

    Router A is configured incorrectly. The command that would show the problem would be either show ip route, show ip protocols, or show ip ospf database. The lack of LSA traffic would indicate a configuration problem. When examining the configuration, you would see that the mask on the configuration of the network command for Area 0 is wrong. The mask for 140.100.32.0 should be 0.0.0.15. Using the mask of 0.0.0.0 will place only interfaces with the IP address 140.100.32.0, which is a subnet address not an interface address. Therefore, there will be no communication of OSPF LSAs between the areas.

  3. Issue the commands that would be used to correct the configuration problems that you see in the example configuration for routers A and B.

    The commands that would solve these problems are as follows:

    On Router A:

    router ospf 100
    network 140.100.32.0 0.0.0.15 area 0
    interface fastethernet 1
    no ip ospf cost 10
    ip ospf priority 100

    On Router B:

    router ospf 200
    network 140.100.13.0 0.0.0.15 area 2
    area 2 stub
    interface FastEthernet0
    no ip ospf priority 100
  4. When you issue the show ip ospf interface command, you notice that there is a discrepancy in the timers on the link between routers A and B. The transmit timer on Router A is set to 5, and the retransmit timer is set to 1. What problems would this cause? What command would be used to change the timers, and what are the default settings?

    The default setting for the transmit timer is set to 1 second, and the retransmit timer is set to 5 seconds. The transmit timer determines the estimated number of seconds that it takes to send a LSA to a neighbor. The retransmit timer states the number of seconds to wait for an acknowledgment before retransmitting an LSA.

    If the transmit timer is not smaller than the retransmit timer, the interface retransmits in the belief that the other side did not receive the LSA. This leads to excess traffic, confusion in the topology database, and the possibility of flapping links. To correct the settings, issue the following subinterface commands:

    ip ospf retransmit-interval seconds 
    ip ospf transmit-delay seconds
  5. There is an ISDN link into the Internet from Router B. The network manager has suggested that this link is the cause of some performance problems on the router. You have noticed that the interface is included in the OSPF network command. What might be the cause of the problem, and how could it be fixed?

    If the ISDN interface is configured for dial-on-demand routing (DDR) and is also included in OSPF network commands, you may find that the link that the DDR process establishes will cause the routing updates to be propagated throughout the network, causing additional CPU utilization on the routers and flooding of packets throughout the network. The solution is to ensure that the interface is not included in the network command to the OSPF process. A more important problem is that Router B is in a stub area and will not track external routes. Router B cannot connect to the Internet as an ASBR because it will not propagate the Type 5 LSAs. The BRI interface cannot partake in the OSPF network. Therefore, the network will not be slow; it will be down.

Scenario 6-3 Answers

  1. Explain the purpose of the virtual link in Figure 6-16.

    In this example, Area 1 does not have a direct physical connection into Area 0. A virtual link must be configured between RTA and RTB. Area 2 is to be used as a transit area, and RTB is the entry point into Area 0. This way, RTA and Area 1 will have a logical connection to the backbone.

  2. Is the configuration of the OSPF network shown in Figure 6-17 a valid configuration?

    Yes, the configuration is a valid one.

  3. Why would a company implement this design?

    OSPF allows for linking discontinuous parts of the backbone using a virtual link. In some cases, different Area 0s need to be linked together. This can occur, for example, if a company is trying to merge two separate OSPF networks into one network with a common Area 0. In other instances, virtual links are added for redundancy in case some router failure causes the backbone to be split in two. Whatever the reason may be, a virtual link can be configured between separate ABRs that touch Area 0 from each side and that have a common area between them.

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020