Home > Articles

How Futures Exchanges Work

In this chapter from The Complete Idiot's Guide to Options and Futures, you will be shown how the exchanges work, who is on the trading floor, how your orders flow through the process, and more. Learning this will help you understand how the system operates if you decide to participate in it.
This chapter is from the book

In This Chapter

  • Life in the pits ... exchanges and their role

  • What is all that yelling and screaming about?

  • Types of floor traders

  • Order flow from customers to pits

  • Free markets and open outcry conclusions

Futures exchanges provide a centralized location for buyers and sellers to meet, and through an open outcry auction process, discover a price for a specific futures and or options contract. The exchanges are also responsible for disseminating these prices and guaranteeing fulfillment of traded contracts.

The larger trading floors in the United States are the Chicago Board of Trade, Chicago Mercantile Exchange, and New York Mercantile Exchange, and the smaller regional exchanges are the Kansas City Board of Trade and Minneapolis Grain Exchange. Everyone has indirect access to the trading floors of the world through their brokers; only exchange members have the privilege of actually trading on the floor of the exchange proper. Each exchange is unique in size, shape, governing principles, and rules, but all the exchanges in the United States have a few common characteristics.

Inside this chapter, you will be shown how the exchanges work, who is on the trading floor, how your orders flow through the process, and more. Learning this will help you understand how the system operates if you decide to participate in it.

Trading Lore

Though Chicago was the birthplace of the futures industry, a great amount of rivalry exists between the two exchanges. For example, members of the Chicago Board of Trade refer to Chicago Mercantile Exchange members as "Merc Jerks," while the Chicago Mercantile Exchange refers to the Chicago Board of Trade as the "Board of Thieves." The rivalry between the exchanges is similar to the rivalry between baseball fans ... don't even get me started on why the Cubs are a better team than the White Sox.

Where It All Happens

Exchange members stand in octagonal and/or polygonal trading pits or rings, with steps descending to the center of the pit. Traders stand in groups inside the pits according to the contract month they are trading. Buyers and sellers stand throughout the pit, as any trader can be a buyer or seller at any given moment. They communicate with each other through their booming voices and hand signals developed to communicate what they are buying or selling (quantity, contract month, and price). In most cases each pit trades a particular commodity.

Adjacent to the trading pit (or sometimes in its center) are market reporters who are employed by the exchanges to record price changes as they occur (refer to the section Order Flow from Customer to Pit later in this chapter for more information). The recorded prices are then displayed on computerized display boards. These prices are also sent outside the exchanges to more than 50 different vendors of financial information, who in turn retransmit the information in a variety of different formats to hundreds of thousands of different subscribers. This important function of the exchange, where prices are arrived at on the floor of the exchange but disseminated to the world, is known as price transparency.

The exchanges on the Web are as follows:

  • www.cbot.com—Chicago Board of Trade—Trades Corn, Wheat, Soybean Complex, Treasury Bonds and Notes, and the Dow Jones Stock Indexes.

  • www.cme.com—Chicago Mercantile Exchange—Trades Eurodollars, S&P Stock Index, NASDAQ Stock Index, Cattle and Hogs, Foreign Currencies, and Lumber.

  • www.nymex.com—New York Mercantile Exchange—Trades Gold, Silver, Platinum, Palladium, and Petroleum Products (Crude Oil, Heating Oil, Gasoline).

  • www.csce.com—Coffee, Sugar, Cocoa Exchange—Trades Coffee, Sugar, Cocoa.

  • www.kcbt.com—Kansas City Board Of Trade—Trades Wheat and Value Line Stock Index.

  • www.mgex.com—Minneapolis Grain Exchange—Trades White and Spring Wheat futures.

The futures exchanges allow the world to know what the specific commodity—based on the futures contract—is trading at anytime during the exchanges' operating hours.

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020