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Object-Oriented Thought Process, The, 3rd Edition

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Object-Oriented Thought Process, The, 3rd Edition

By Matt Weisfeld
Published Aug 25, 2008 by Addison-Wesley Professional.

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Description

Copyright 2009
Edition: 3rd

eBook (Watermarked)
ISBN-10: 0-13-280073-X
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-280073-0

The Object-Oriented Thought Process

Third Edition

Matt Weisfeld

An introduction to object-oriented concepts for developers looking to master modern application practices.

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is the foundation of modern programming languages, including C++, Java, C#, and Visual Basic .NET. By designing with objects rather than treating the code and data as separate entities, OOP allows objects to fully utilize other objects’ services as well as inherit their functionality. OOP promotes code portability and reuse, but requires a shift in thinking to be fully understood. Before jumping into the world of object-oriented programming languages, you must first master The Object-Oriented Thought Process.

Written by a developer for developers who want to make the leap to object-oriented technologies as well as managers who simply want to understand what they are managing, The Object-Oriented Thought Process provides a solution-oriented approach to object-oriented programming. Readers will learn to understand object-oriented design with inheritance or composition, object aggregation and association, and the difference between interfaces and implementations. Readers will also become more efficient and better thinkers in terms of object-oriented development.

This revised edition focuses on interoperability across various technologies, primarily using XML as the communication mechanism. A more detailed focus is placed on how business objects operate over networks, including client/server architectures and web services.

“Programmers who aim to create high quality software–as all programmers should–must learn the varied subtleties of the familiar yet not so familiar beasts called objects and classes. Doing so entails careful study of books such as Matt Weisfeld’s The Object-Oriented Thought Process.”

–Bill McCarty, author of Java Distributed Objects, and Object-Oriented Design in Java

Matt Weisfeld is an associate professor in business and technology at Cuyahoga Community College in Cleveland, Ohio. He has more than 20 years of experience as a professional software developer, project manager, and corporate trainer using C++, Smalltalk, .NET, and Java. He holds a BS in systems analysis, an MS in computer science, and an MBA in project management. Weisfeld has published many articles in major computer trade magazines and professional journals.

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Sample Content

Introduction 1

1 Introduction to Object-Oriented Concepts 5

Procedural Versus OO Programming 6

Moving from Procedural to Object-Oriented Development 9

Procedural Programming 9

OO Programming 10

What Exactly Is an Object? 10

Object Data 10

Object Behaviors 11

What Exactly Is a Class? 14

Classes Are Object Templates 15

Attributes 17

Methods 17

Messages 17

Using UML to Model a Class Diagram 18

Encapsulation and Data Hiding 19

Interfaces 19

Implementations 20

A Real-World Example of the Interface/Implementation Paradigm 20

A Model of the Interface/Implementation Paradigm 21

Inheritance 22

Superclasses and Subclasses 23

Abstraction 23

Is-a Relationships 25

Polymorphism 25

Composition 28

Abstraction 29

Has-a Relationships 29

Conclusion 29

Example Code Used in This Chapter 30

2 How to Think in Terms of Objects 37

Knowing the Difference Between the Interface and the Implementation 38

The Interface 40

The Implementation 40

An Interface/Implementation Example 41

Using Abstract Thinking When Designing Interfaces 45

Giving the User the Minimal Interface Possible 47

Determining the Users 48

Object Behavior 48

Environmental Constraints 48

Identifying the Public Interfaces 49

Identifying the Implementation 50

Conclusion 50

References 51

3 Advanced Object-Oriented Concepts 53

Constructors 53

The Default Constructor 54

When Is a Constructor Called? 54

What’s Inside a Constructor? 54

The Default Constructor 54

Using Multiple Constructors 55

The Design of Constructors 59

Error Handling 60

Ignoring the Problem 60

Checking for Problems and Aborting the Application 60

Checking for Problems and Attempting to Recover 61

Throwing an Exception 61

The Concept of Scope 63

Local Attributes 64

Object Attributes 65

Class Attributes 67

Operator Overloading 68

Multiple Inheritance 69

Object Operations 70

Conclusion 71

References 71

Example Code Used in This Chapter 72

4 The Anatomy of a Class 75

The Name of the Class 75

Comments 77

Attributes 77

Constructors 79

Accessors 80

Public Interface Methods 83

Private Implementation Methods 83

Conclusion 84

References 84

Example Code Used in This Chapter 84

5 Class Design Guidelines 87

Modeling Real World Systems 87

Identifying the Public Interfaces 88

The Minimum Public Interface 88

Hiding the Implementation 89

Designing Robust Constructors (and Perhaps Destructors) 89

Designing Error Handling into a Class 90

Documenting a Class and Using Comments 91

Building Objects with the Intent to Cooperate 91

Designing with Reuse in Mind 91

Documenting a Class and Using Comments 91

Designing with Extensibility in Mind 92

Making Names Descriptive 92

Abstracting Out Nonportable Code 93

Providing a Way to Copy and Compare Objects 93

Keeping the Scope as Small as Possible 94

A Class Should Be Responsible for Itself 95

Designing with Maintainability in Mind 96

Using Iteration 97

Testing the Interface 97

Using Object Persistence 99

Serializing and Marshaling Objects 100

Conclusion 100

References 101

Example Code Used in This Chapter 101

6 Designing with Objects 103

Design Guidelines 103

Performing the Proper Analysis 107

Developing a Statement of Work 107

Gathering the Requirements 107

Developing a Prototype of the User Interface 108

Identifying the Classes 108

Determining the Responsibilities of Each Class 108

Determining How the Classes Collaborate with Each Other 109

Creating a Class Model to Describe the System 109

Case Study: A Blackjack Example 109

Using CRC Cards 111

Identifying the Blackjack Classes 112

Identifying the Classes’ Responsibilities 115

UML Use-Cases: Identifying the Collaborations 120

First Pass at CRC Cards 124

UML Class Diagrams: The Object Model 126

Prototyping the User Interface 127

Conclusion 127

References 128

7 Mastering Inheritance and Composition 129

Reusing Objects 129

Inheritance 130

Generalization and Specialization 133

Design Decisions 134

Composition 135

Representing Composition with UML 136

Why Encapsulation Is Fundamental to OO 138

How Inheritance Weakens Encapsulation 139

A Detailed Example of Polymorphism 141

Object Responsibility 141

Conclusion 145

References 146

Example Code Used in This Chapter 146

8 Frameworks and Reuse: Designing with Interfaces and Abstract Classes 151

Code: To Reuse or Not to Reuse? 151

What Is a Framework? 152

What Is a Contract? 153

Abstract Classes 154

Interfaces 157

Tying It All Together 159

The Compiler Proof 161

Making a Contract 162

System Plug-in-Points 165

An E-Business Example 165

An E-Business Problem 165

The Non-Reuse Approach 166

An E-Business Solution 168

The UML Object Model 168

Conclusion 173

References 173

Example Code Used in This Chapter 173

9 Building Objects 179

Composition Relationships 179

Building in Phases 181

Types of Composition 183

Aggregations 183

Associations 184

Using Associations and Aggregations Together 185

Avoiding Dependencies 186

Cardinality 186

Multiple Object Associations 189

Optional Associations 190

Tying It All Together: An Example 191

Conclusion 192

References 192

10 Creating Object Models with UML 193

What Is UML? 193

The Structure of a Class Diagram 194

Attributes and Methods 196

Attributes 196

Methods 197

Access Designations 197

Inheritance 198

Interfaces 200

Composition 201

Aggregations 201

Associations 201

Cardinality 204

Conclusion 205

References 205

11 Objects and Portable Data: XML 207

Portable Data 207

The Extensible Markup Language (XML) 209

XML Versus HTML 209

XML and Object-Oriented Languages 210

Sharing Data Between Two Companies 211

Validating the Document with the Document Type Definition (DTD) 212

Integrating the DTD into the XML Document 213

Using Cascading Style Sheets 220

Conclusion 223

References 223

12 Persistent Objects: Serialization and Relational Databases 225

Persistent Objects Basics 225

Saving the Object to a Flat File 227

Serializing a File 227

Implementation and Interface Revisited 229

What About the Methods? 231

Using XML in the Serialization Process 231

Writing to a Relational Database 234

Accessing a Relational Database 236

Loading the Driver 238

Making the Connection 238

The SQL Statements 239

Conclusion 242

References 242

Example Code Used in This Chapter 242

13 Objects and the Internet 247

Evolution of Distributed Computing 247

Object-Based Scripting Languages 248

A JavaScript Validation Example 250

Objects in a Web Page 253

JavaScript Objects 254

Web Page Controls 255

Sound Players 257

Movie Players 257

Flash 258

Distributed Objects and the Enterprise 258

The Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) 259

Web Services Definition 263

Web Services Code 267

Invoice.cs 267

Invoice.vb 268

Conclusion 270

References 270

14 Objects and Client/Server Applications 271

Client/Server Approaches 271

Proprietary Approach 272

Serialized Object Code 272

Client Code 273

Server Code 275

Running the Proprietary Client/Server Example 276

Nonproprietary Approach 278

Object Definition Code 278

Client Code 280

Server Code 281

Running the Nonproprietary Client/Server Example 283

Conclusion 283

References 284

Example Code Used in This Chapter 284

15 Design Patterns 287

Why Design Patterns? 288

Smalltalk’s Model/View/Controller 289

Types of Design Patterns 290

Creational Patterns 291

Structural Patterns 295

Behavioral Patterns 298

Antipatterns 299

Conclusion 300

References 300

Example Code Used in This Chapter 301

Index 309

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