IP SANS: A Guide to iSCSI, iFCP, and FCIP Protocols for Storage Area Networks: A Guide to iSCSI, iFCP, and FCIP Protocols for Storage Area Networks

Description

• Copyright 2002
• Dimensions: 7-3/8" x 9-1/4"
• Pages: 312
• Edition: 1st

• Book
• ISBN-10: 0-201-75277-8
• ISBN-13: 978-0-201-75277-9

Today's enterprises face unprecedented data storage and availability requirements. To meet these needs, they are increasingly turning to Storage Area Networks (SANs). Now, even more promising IP-based SANs are arriving, combining the advantages of SAN architecture with the familiarity and value of IP-based networking. Leading SAN expert Tom Clark surveys these emerging products, helping decision-makers understand the key issues, protocols, technologies, and applications. He begins with an overview of today's enterprise storage challenges and reviews existing approaches, including Fibre Channel, SCSI; and network-attached-storage solutions. He then introduces IP from the perspective of the storage professional. Clark reviews supporting technologies such as TCP offload engines; and presents in-depth coverage of security, including VLANs, encryption, and authentication. Case studies present IP SANs at work in server clustering, backup, storage consolidation, disaster recovery, and both metropolitan and wide-area IP storage networks. The book concludes with a developmental roadmap reflecting key advances such as 10 Gb Ethernet and Infiniband.



Sample Content

Online Sample Chapter

Storage Networking Building Blocks

Downloadable Sample Chapter

Click below for Sample Chapter related to this title:
clarkch03.pdf

Table of Contents

(NOTE: Each chapter concludes with Chapter Summary.)

Preface.


1. Introduction.


2. Shared Storage.

Captive Storage.

The SNIA Shared Storage Model.

Storage Networking Layers.

Serial Transport.

Access Method.

Addressing.

Packetizing of Data.

Routing of Packets.

Upper Layer Protocol Support.

3. Storage Networking Building Blocks.

Storage Networking Terminology.

RAID.

Just a Bunch of Disks (JBODs).

Tape Subsystems.

SCSI over IP-to-Parallel SCSI Bridges.

Host Adapters.

Legacy SCSI Cabling.

Network-Attached Storage.

Fibre Channel.

Fibre Channel Layers.

FC-0 — Fibre Channel Physical Layer.

FC-1 — Fibre Channel Link Controls and Data Encoding.

FC-2 — Fibre Channel Framing, Flow Control and Class of Service.

FC-3 — Common Services.

FC-4 — Fibre Channel Upper Layer Protocol.

Fibre Channel Topologies.

Gigabit Ethernet.

Gigabit Ethernet Layers.

802.1Q VLAN Tagging.

802.1p/Q Frame Prioritization.

802.3x Flow Control.

802.3ad Link Aggregation.

Gigabit Ethernet Physical Layer Considerations.

Assumptions for IP-based SANs.

4. SCSI PROTOCOL.

Operating Systems and SCSI I/O.

The SCSI Architectural Model (SAM-2).

5. THE INTERNET PROTOCOL - IP.

Layer 2.

Layer 2 Bridging.

Spanning Tree.

Layer 3 - IP.

IP Addressing.

Subnet Masking.

Address Resolution Protocol.

IP Routing.

IP Network Example.

IP Routers and IP Switches.

Other IP Considerations.

6. User Datagram Protocol (UDP).

Layer 4 - UDP.

Connectionless Service.

UDP Port Numbers.

UDP Header.

UDP for IP Storage Applications.

7. Transmission Control Protocol.

TCP.

TCP Header.

Establishing TCP Connections.

TCP Segment Size.

TCP Sliding Window and Congestion Control.

TCP Error Recovery.

Upper Layer Interface.

8. IP Storage Networking.

Standards-based IP Storage Protocols.

The IETF and IPS Working Group.

Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP).

FCIP and Timeout Values.

FCIP SAN Interfaces.

FCIP Error Handling.

FCIP Flow Control.

FCIP Quality of Service.

FCIP Framing.

FCIP Issues.

Internet Fibre Channel Protocol - iFCP.

iFCP Network Architecture.

iFCP Addressing.

iFCP Fabric Service Emulation.

iFCP and TCP Connection Control.

iFCP Error Handling.

iFCP Security.

iFCP Issues.

Metro Fibre Channel Protocol - mFCP.

Internet SCSI - iSCSI.

iSCSI Network Architecture.

iSCSI Protocol Layering Model.

iSCSI Address and Naming Conventions.

iSCSI Session Management.

iSCSI Error Handling.

iSCSI Security.

iSCSI Issues.

9. Internet Storage Name Server.

Discovery.

Device Discovery in Fibre Channel.

Discovery in IP Storage Networks.

iSNS Features.

iSNS Discovery Process.

iSNS State Change Notification and Entity Status Inquiry.

iSNS Objects.

iSNS Security.

10. Security in IP Storage Networks.

Securing Storage Data Transport.

Security in Fibre Channel SANs.

Port Zoning.

World Wide Name Zoning.

LUN Masking.

Security in IP Storage Networks.

Discovery Domains.

LUN Masking.

VLAN Tagging.

IPSec.

Access Control Lists (ACLs).

11. QOS for IP Storage Networks.

Class of Service and Quality of Service.

802.1p Traffic Prioritization.

Type of Service (TOS).

Differentiated Services (DiffServ).

Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP).

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS).

12. Infiniband.

InfiniBand Architecture.

InfiniBand and Storage Networking.

13. IP Storage Applications.

IP Storage in Data Center Applications.

Server Clustering.

Local Tape Backup.

Storage Consolidation.

IP Storage for Remote Applications.

Remote Backup.

Remote Mirroring.

SRDF.

Disaster Recovery.

Content Distribution.

14. Conclusion.

Great Expectations.

Prerequisites for Successful IP Storage Deployment.

Standards Compliance.

Interoperability.

Performance.

Management.

Integration with Other Storage Technologies.

IP Storage Futures.

Appendix A. IP Storage & Related Vendors.


Appendix B. Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA).


Bibliography.


Glossary.


Index. 0201752778T08092001

Preface

THE FOLLOWING WORK provides an overview of a new technology for creating storage area networks (SANs) with conventional Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and Gigabit Ethernet networking. IP-based storage networking continues the work initially started by Fibre Channel of providing flexible, high-performance block data access for storage applications. SANs have already proved their practical value in facilitating applications such as server clustering, storage consolidation, and tape backup. With continued market momentum, storage networking is expected to capture more than half the new storage deployments within the next few years.

The unique contribution of storage over IP solutions is the ability to integrate storage networking into mainstream data communications. For customers, the economies of scale provided by common infrastructure and common management make a compelling argument for the adoption of IP SANs, whereas Fibre Channel, despite the effort of certain authors, is still viewed as problematic and must be maintained as a separate network. As often happens in high-technology fields, one group of vendors breaks the very hard ground of technical issues, only to see others behind them sowing and reaping the newly tilled and now-fertile soil.

Although IP storage can leverage many of the advances made by Fibre Channel, it has its own issues to address. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is currently working on multiple protocols for transporting block data over IP networks. The IETF activity consists of ongoing discussions on the requirements of storage data over IP and a series of Internet drafts that embody the work in progress. A detailed analysis of the standards specifications for these protocols is well beyond the scope of this short book, and well beyond the endurance of its author. The IP storage technical documentation, however, is readily available on the IETF Web site listed in the bibliography. The curious reader will also find there the latest versions of standards drafts and Requests for Comments (RFCs) for auxiliary protocols such as security and quality of service, which would be quickly outdated if included here.

The scope of the following text also includes an overview of Fibre Channel technology. This is provided as a basis to appreciate the challenges of IP storage and to acquaint readers from the internetworking world with SAN concepts first aired by Fibre Channel. As with IP storage specifications, this book cannot detail Fibre Channel standards. For granular detail, the reader may reference Robert Kembel's Fibre Channel Consultant series, which includes a recent book on fabric switches, or the reader may examine the appropriate Fibre Channel standards directly. A more comprehensive overview of Fibre Channel topologies and products is also included in my previous work, Designing Storage Area Networks.

This book is intended for information technology (IT) managers, administrators, consultants, and technical staff responsible for networking and storage management. Storage and networking have traditionally resided in two distinct worlds. Typically, people from an internetworking background are not familiar with storage issues, whereas storage administrators may need to know little about IP internetworking. Storage networking is a melding of these technologies into an integrated solution. IP storage networking offers some relief to networking personnel because the interconnects, bandwidth provisioning, and transport management for IP SANs are drawn from mainstream IP networking. For storage administrators, understanding IP storage is also facilitated by the more accessible expertise within IT staff who are already familiar with the IP component of IP SANs. To satisfy readers from both worlds, this text does not assume prior knowledge of either IP networking or storage concepts. The respective readers may skim at will through material they already understand and may dwell on the passages that contain new content. Although it is difficult to write a single book for such a potentially diverse readership, it is hoped that regardless of specific technical background, the reader will in the end close the cover with an understanding of the benefits that IP storage can provide.

The particular prejudices at work throughout the text will become obvious. Fibre Channel was a pioneering technology. It was the first to develop and implement successfully in viable products a number of new capabilities that have benefited IT in general. A stable and relatively error-free switched gigabit transport, a fully functional serial protocol for block data transmission, and innovative treatment of networked servers and storage have been leveraged by IP storage vendors to accelerate the development of IP SANs. Despite the technical attributes of Fibre Channel, however, historical momentum and massive resources are on the side of IP and Gigabit Ethernet technology. Although Fibre Channel storage solutions will continue to ship in significant volumes for some time to come, the tide of storage networking will eventually turn at customer direction toward the network infrastructure that already dominates mainstream data communications. The challenge for all storage network vendors and customers alike will be to make this transition as painless as possible.

Organization

The following text provides an overview of multiple technologies that must eventually coexist within enterprise networks. Networks must necessarily maintain a medley of products as new technologies are introduced and as the most recent legacy-branded products are transitioned to less critical areas. For storage, a network may require support for direct-attached Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) disks and tape, Fibre Channel switches and storage, and the newly introduced IP storage devices. The text therefore devotes some space to examining the attributes of each storage technology with the aim of clarifying alternatives for technology convergence.

Chapter 1 provides a historical perspective on storage issues and what problems must be resolved to achieve viable, shared storage solutions. Because the Technical Council of the Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA) has provided a general framework for understanding shared storage, Chapter 2 reviews the SNIA Shared Storage Model to position IP SANs within storage networking as a whole.

For successful deployment, storage over IP has dependencies on both legacy and current technologies. Chapter 3 examines storage networking transports and components, including SCSI and Fibre Channel, as well as the Gigabit Ethernet infrastructure on which IP storage itself resides. The foundation protocol for all storage networking solutions is provided by the SCSI Architectural Model, or SAM-2. The main features of the SCSI architecture are reviewed in Chapter 4.

Chapters 5, 6, and 7 cover IP, the User Datagram Protocol, and TCP respectively. These chapters are intended primarily for readers unfamiliar with IP concepts, although references are also made to features that affect IP SANs.

Chapter 8 examines the three IP storage protocols currently under development in the IETF. The Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP) protocol represents a Fibre Channel extension strategy and relies on IP only to connect remote Fibre Channel SANs. The Internet Fibre Channel Protocol (iFCP) maps IP addresses to Fibre Channel end nodes and enables the replacement of Fibre Channel fabrics with IP storage networking. The Internet SCSI (iSCSI) protocol enables replacement of Fibre Channel end devices with native IP storage devices, and thus represents a radical shift from current Fibre Channel deployments. These three protocols provide a spectrum of solutions, from simple Fibre Channel extension to migration to displacement.

The IP storage transport protocols are by no means the sole focus of the IETF standards initiatives. Management of IP SANs is also a critical issue. Chapter 9 reviews the Internet Storage Name Server (iSNS) protocol that has been supported by the IP storage community as a means of rationalizing discovery and management of IP storage devices and interconnects.

Two key components that have been lacking in Fibre Channel SANs are security of storage data as it traverses the network and quality of service to ensure proper delivery. Chapter 10 reviews mainstream IP security features that can be used for IP storage networks, whereas Chapter 11 examines class-of-service and quality-of-service standards and standards initiatives. These chapters validate in principle the marketing claims of IP storage vendors that IP SANs may leverage the advanced functionality already deployed for enterprise IP networks.

Although IP storage networking is generally viewed as the successor to Fibre Channel, InfiniBand has also been promoted as a homogeneous solution for everything data related. Chapter 12 provides an overview of the InfiniBand architecture and how it may integrate into IP storage solutions.

Technology development would have little purpose if it did not solve real customer problems. Chapter 13, therefore, offers application studies to demonstrate how IP storage solutions may be applied, including server cluster, storage consolidation, LAN-free and server-free tape backup, and metropolitan and wide area applications for SANs. In many respects, a diagram of an IP SAN solution for a specific application may not differ significantly from a comparable Fibre Channel SAN solution. Boxes reside in the middle, lines are drawn, boxes sit at the end. The substantive difference, however, is how easy those boxes are to acquire, deploy, manage, and maintain. In the end, the customer does not and should not have to worry about the underlying plumbing. The customer simply expects to turn on the spigot and for data to appear. If that is convenienced by IP SANs, then the mission of IP storage vendors is accomplished.

Lastly, Chapter 14 discusses new technologies in general and the inflated expectations that invariably accompany them, and then reviews the fundamental prerequisites that must be met for successful adoption of IP storage networking. IP storage has the potential to alter traditional concepts of data access at a much more fundamental level than previously viewed via Fibre Channel SANs. If IP storage is successful, storage-specific issues may gradually disappear as networked storage access becomes more ubiquitous.

0201752778P11272001

Index

Access control lists (ACLs), 135, 175-176

Access method, network, 22

ACK bit set, 106, 107, 109

Addressing, 22

iFCP, 129-131

IP, 83-85

iSCSI, 142-144

subnet masking, 85-87

Address resolution, 87

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 87-88

Alias naming, 144

Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), 28

ATM, 236

Authentication, 172-175

 

Backups

data center tape, 210-217

remote tape, 222-225

Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP), 88

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP4), 90

Bridges

IP, 79-81

SCSI, 36-37

 

Cables

Fibre Channel, 44-45

Gigabit Ethernet, 64-65

SCSI, 39-40

Carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD), 57-58

Channel adapters, 197

Cisco, 90

Classless interdomain routing (CIDR), 86

Clock and data recovery (CDR), 38, 43, 44

Command descriptor block (CDB), 76

Common Internet File System (CIFS), 17

Compaq, 193

Connectionless service, UDP, 97-99

Connection-oriented protocol, TCP as, 103

Consumers, 195-196

Content distribution, 229-230

Context switching, 76

Convergence, 89-90

 

Data center applications, 201

local tape backup, 210-217

server clustering, 202-210

storage consolidation, 217-220

Data encoding, Fibre Channel, 45-47

Data encryption standard (DES), 173-174

Dense Wave Division Multiplexing (DWDM), 221

Differentiated services (DiffServ) 123-124, 182-185

Digest errors, 147

Digital signatures, 174-175

Direct Access File System (DAFS), 41

Disaster recovery, 228-229

Discovery

domain sets (DDSs), 157, 171-172

Fibre Channel, 154-156

iSNS, 153-157, 158-160

Disparity, running, 46-47

Distance-vector protocol, 88

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, 87

 

Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 44

Encryption, 173-175

Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), 90

Entity status inquiry (ESI), iSNS, 160

Error handling

FCIP, 122-123

iFCP, 134-135

iSCSI, 146-148

Error recovery, TCP, 109-110

Ethernet

See also Gigabit Ethernet

advantages of, 2-3

Extended copy, 214-216

Eye diagrams, 44

 

Fabric service emulation, iFCP, 132-133

Fabric Shortest Path First (FSPF) protocol, 55, 56, 89

Fabric switches, Fibre Channel, 53-56

FCIP (Fibre Channel over IP)

error handling, 122-123

flow control, 123

framing, 124-125

issues, 125-126

quality of service, 123-124

role of, 118-119

SAN interfaces, 120-121

timeout values, 119-120

Fibre Channel

addressing, 22

cables, 44-45

class of service, 48-50

common services (FC-3), 50-51

compared with Gigabit Ethernet, 64-65

compared with IP, 94

compared with OSI model, 21

compared with SCSI, 52

data delivery (FC-2), 48-50

discovery, 154-156

frames, 48

host bus adapters, 38

Internet Fibre Channel Protocol (iFCP), 126-138

layers, 42-43

loop connections, 53-54

Metro Fibre Channel Protocol (mFCP), 138-139

ordered sets and data encoding (FC-1), 45-47

physical layer (FC-0), 43-45

purpose of, 4-5

security, 168-171

topologies, 53-56

upper layer protocol (FC-4), 51-53

Fibre Channel over IP. See FCIP

FIN bit set, 107

Firewalls, 175

Flow control

FCIP, 123

Gigabit Ethernet, 61-62

Format error, 147

Forwarding equivalence classes (FECs), 188

Frames/framing

FCIP, 124-125

Fibre Channel, 48

Gigabit Ethernet, 58, 60-61

 

Gartner Group, 235

Gigabit Ethernet

cables, 64-65

compared with Fibre Channel, 64-65

compared with OSI model, 21, 57

development of, 4, 5, 56

flow control, 61-62

framing, 58, 60-61

layers, 57-59

link aggregation, 62-64

ordered sets, 47

physical layer, 57-58, 64-65

VLAN tagging, 59-60

Graphical user interface (GUI), 144

 

Header

TCP, 104-105

UDP, 100

Hewlett-Packard, 193

Host bus adapters (HBAs), 37-39

Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP), 99

 

IBM, 46, 193, 236

iFCP (Internet Fibre Channel Protocol)

addressing, 129-131

architecture, 126-129

error handling, 134-135

fabric service emulation, 132-133

security, 135-136

TCP connection control and, 133-134

issues, 136-138

InfiniBand

architecture, 193-196

storage networking and, 196-198

InfiniBand Trade Association (IBTA), 193

Information units (IUs), 52

Input/output (I/O), SCSI, 71-74

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

802.1p/Q frame prioritization, 60-61, 180-181

802.1Q VLAN tagging, 59-60

802.3a, 116

802.3ad link aggregation, 62-64

802.3x flow control, 61-62, 98

802.3z standard, 57, 116

Intel, 193

International Telecommunications Union (ITU) X.509 standard, 174

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 84

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 84, 100

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 116-118

Internet Fibre Channel Protocol. See iFCP

Internet SCSI. See iSCSI

Interoperability issues, 240

IP (Internet Protocol)

addressing, 83-85

Address Resolution Protocol, 87-88

bridges, 79-81

compared with Fibre Channel, 94

compared with OSI model, 21

datagram, 94

Fibre Channel over IP (FCIP), 118-126

Internet Fibre Channel Protocol (iFCP), 126-138

Internet SCSI (iSCSI), 139-149

Metro Fibre Channel Protocol (mFCP), 138-139

network example, 90-92

routers and switches, 92-94

routing, 88-90

routing between multiple networks, 82-83

security, 135

spanning tree, 81-82

storage protocols, development of, 115-118

subnet masking, 85-87

IPSec, 172-175

IPS Working Group, 117

IPv4, 83-84, 85

IPv6, 83, 86-87

iSCSI (Internet SCSI)

addressing and naming conventions, 142-144

architecture, 140-141

error handling, 146-148

issues, 148-149

login phase, 144

protocol layering model, 141-142

role of, 139-140

security, 148

session management, 144-146

iSNS (Internet storage name server)

discovery, 153-157, 158-160

features, 157-164

objects, 161-163

security, 163-164

state change notification and entity status inquiry, 160

 

JBOD (just a bunch of disks), 32-34

Jitter, 43-44

 

Keys, encryption, 173-175

 

Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), 188

Label switch router (LSR), 188, 189

LAN-free backups, 210-211, 213-216

Link aggregation, Gigabit Ethernet, 62-64

Link-state protocol, 89

Logical unit number (LUN) masking, 170-171, 172

Loop connections, Fibre Channel, 53-54

 

Management, issues of enhanced, 241-242

Maximum transmission unit (MTU), 107

Media access control (MAC), 22

Metro Fibre Channel Protocol (mFCP), 138-139

Mirroring, 29, 34

remote, 225-227

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), 124, 187-189

 

Naming, iSCSI, 142-144

NAS (network-attached storage), 13

architecture, 40-41

block aggregation methods, 16-17

combined with SAN, 17-18

National Committee of Industrial Technology Standards (NCITS), 42, 116, 197

Network address translator (NAT), 85

Network interface cards (NICs), 37-39

Network File System (NFS), 17

Nishan Systems, 139, 156

 

Objects, iSNS, 161-163

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol, 55, 56, 88-90

Operating systems, SCSI, 71-74

Ordered sets, 38

Fibre Channel, 47

Gigabit Ethernet, 47

OSI (Open System Interconnection) Reference Model, 19-20, 21, 57

 

Packets

order of data, 22-23

routing of, 23

PAUSE frame format, 61-62, 98, 138

Performance issues, 240-241

Point-to-point connections, Fibre Channel, 53

Portals, 161

Port login (PLOGI), 132

Port numbers, UDP, 99-100

Port zoning, 168-169

Private loop devices, 54

Protocol data units (PDUs), 142, 145-146, 147-148

Public key infrastructure (PKI), 174

Public loop devices, 54

 

Quality of service (QoS)

class of service and, 179-180

differentiated services (DiffServ) 123-124, 182-185

FCIP, 123-124

Multiprotocol Label Switching, 124, 187-189

Resource Reservation Protocol, 185-187

traffic prioritization, 180-181

type of service fields, 181-182

 

RAID (redundant array of independent disks), 28-31

Really awful timeout value, 120

Remote applications, storage for, 220-221

backups, 222-225

content distribution, 229-230

disaster recovery, 228-229

mirroring, 225-227

symmetrix remote data facility, 227-228

Remote direct memory access (RDMA), 41

Resource allocation timeout value, 120

Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), 185-187

Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), 88

RFCs (requests for comments), 116

Routers, IP, 92-94

Routing, IP, 88-90

Routing information field (RIF), 81-82

Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 88, 89

 

SAM-2, 74, 75, 76

SANs (storage area networks)

block aggregation methods, 15-16

combined with NAS, 17-18

FCIP interfaces, 120-121

SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface), 3

See also iSCSI (Internet SCSI)

architectural model, 74-77

bridges, 36-37

cables, 39-40

client/server model, 75, 76

commands, 76

daisy chain, 11, 12

Fibre Channel compared with, 52

operating systems, 71-74

pros and cons of, 11-12

SCSI-3, serial, 3

architectural model, 74-77

Security

access control lists, 135, 175-176

discovery domain sets, 157, 171-172

Fibre Channel SANs, 168-171

iFCP, 135-136

IPSec, 172-175

iSCSI, 148

iSNS, 163-164

logical unit number masking, 170-171, 172

VLAN tagging, 59-60, 172

zoning, port, 168-169

zoning, world wide name, 169

Sequence number acknowledgment (SNACK), 147

Sequence numbers, 104

Serial RDMA Protocol (SRP), 197

Serial Storage Architecture (SSA), 236-237

Serial transport, 21-22

Server clustering, 202-210

Service Locator Protocol (SLP), 144

Session management, iSCSI, 144-146

Simple name server (SNS), 54

iFCP, 132-133

Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP), 55, 99-100, 168

Skew, 39-40

Sliding window, 107-109

Slow-start algorithm, TCP, 109

Sockets, 104

Spanning tree, IP, 81-82

Standards, development of, 115-118

State change notification (SCN), 54-55

iSNS, 155-156, 160

Storage, shared

OSI model, 19-20

SNIA model, 13-18

transition from captive storage to, 11-13

Storage area networks. See SANs

Storage deployment, prerequisites for successful, 239-243

Storage domain, 13

Storage name server, Internet. See iSNS

Storage network(s)

assumptions for IP-based SANs, 65

expectations for, 235-239

Fibre Channel, 42-56

future for, 243-244

Gigabit Ethernet, 56-65

integration of, 242-243

NAS, 40-41

SCSI cabling, 39-40

software and hardware, 27

terminology, 27-39

Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA)

description of, 251-258

shared storage model, 13-18, 239-240

Storage networking layers

access method, 22

addressing, 22

packetizing of data, 22-23

routing of packets, 23

serial transport, 21-22

upper layer protocol support, 23

Striping, 28, 29-30

Subnet masking, 85-87

Switches, IP, 92-94

Symmetrix remote data facility (SRDF), 227-228

SYN flag set, 106

 

Tape subsystems, 34-36

Target channel adapters, 197

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

connection control and iFCP, 133-134

error recovery, 109-110

establishing connections, 105-107

FCIP and, 118-119

header, 104-105

keep-alive option, 122

role of, 103-104

segment size, 107

sliding window and congestion control, 107-109

upper layer interface, 110-111

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol), advantages of, 2-3

TELNET, 168

Third-party copy, 214-216

Three-way handshake, 106

Timeout values, FCIP and, 119-120

Token Ring, 81

Traffic prioritization, 180-181

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP), 99

Type of service (TOS) fields, 181-182

 

Uniform resource locator (URL), 143

Uniform resource names (URNs), 143

Upper layer protocol

Fibre Channel, 51-53

support, 23

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

advantages and disadvantages of, 97

connectionless service, 97-99

header, 100

for IP storage applications, 100-101

port numbers, 99-100

 

Variable-length subnet masking (VLSM), 86

Vendors, list of products and web sites, 247-250

Virtual lanes (VLs), 194-195

Virtual private networks (VPNs), 135

VLAN

backups, 212-213

tagging, 59-60, 172

 

Web sites, for vendors, 247-250

Windows Disk Administrator, 72

World Wide Name (WWN), 22, 162

zoning, 169

World wide unique identifier (WWUI), 162

 

Zoning, 59, 155

port, 168-169

world wide name, 169



Updates

Submit Errata

