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The high-yield leveraged bond and loan market (“junk bonds”) is now valued at $3+ trillion in North America, €1 trillion in Europe, and another $1 trillion in emerging markets. What’s more, based on the maturity schedules of current debt, it’s poised for massive growth. To successfully issue, evaluate, and invest in high-yield debt, however, financial professionals need credit and bond analysis skills specific to these instruments. Now, for the first time, there’s a complete, practical, and expert tutorial and workbook covering all facets of modern leveraged finance analysis. In A Pragmatist’s Guide to Leveraged Finance, Credit Suisse managing director Bob Kricheff explains why conventional analysis techniques are inadequate for leveraged instruments, clearly defines the unique challenges sellers and buyers face, walks step-by-step through deriving essential data for pricing and decision-making, and demonstrates how to apply it. Using practical examples, sample documents, Excel worksheets, and graphs, Kricheff covers all this, and much more: yields, spreads, and total return; ratio analysis of liquidity and asset value; business trend analysis; modeling and scenarios; potential interest rate impacts; evaluating and potentially escaping leveraged finance covenants; how to assess equity (and why it matters); investing on news and events; early stage credit; and creating accurate credit snapshots. This book is an indispensable resource for all investment and underwriting professionals, money managers, consultants, accountants, advisors, and lawyers working in leveraged finance. In fact, it teaches credit analysis skills that will be valuable in analyzing a wide variety of higher-risk investments, including growth stocks.
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 Common Leveraged Finance Terms 7
General Terms 7
Yield and Spread Definitions 11
Questions 14
Chapter 3 Defining the Market and the Ratings Agencies 17
Chapter 4 The Participants 21
The Issuers 21
The Sell Side 22
The Buy Side 23
Private Equity 25
Chapter 5 Why Is Leveraged Finance Analysis Unique? 27
Chapter 6 The Major Components of Analysis 31
The Components 32
A Pragmatic Point on the Various Aspects of Analysis 34
Chapter 7 Some Features of Bank Loans 35
Questions 40
Chapter 8 A Primer on Prices, Yields, and Spreads 41
The Basics 41
A Few Points on Yields 43
A Few Points on Spreads 43
Bank Loan Coupons 44
Duration 45
Total Returns 45
Deferred Payment Bonds: Prices and Yields 46
A Pragmatic Point on Terminology 48
Questions 49
Chapter 9 A Primer on Key Points of Financial
Statement Analysis 51
EBITDA 52
Capital Expenditures 57
Interest Expenses 58
Taxes 59
Changes in Working Capital 59
Free Cash Flow 61
The Balance Sheet 62
A Pragmatic Point on Financial Statements 64
Questions 65
Chapter 10 Credit Ratios 67
EBITDA/Interest Ratio 69
Debt/EBITDA 72
A Pragmatic Point on the Leverage Ratio 76
A Pragmatic Point on Valuations 77
Free Cash Flow Ratios 79
Changes in Working Capital 80
Dividends 80
Acquisitions 80
One-Time Charges &nbs
