Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, 2nd Edition

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Features

• NEW - Concepts of validation and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) are introduced.

  • Helps students to better understand regulatory constraints on bioprocess development. Ex.___

• NEW - Updated coverage of concepts.

  • Shows students the connection between traditional ideas and emerging areas—such as tissue engineering and gene therapy. Ex.___

• NEW - Material on functional genomics and cellular engineering.

  • Provides students with new developments in biology as they impact bioprocess engineering. Ex.___

• NEW - Expanded discussion of modeling approach.

  • Presents students with a clarified section on models in continuous cultures and adds cybernetic modeling. Ex.___

• NEW - Expanded coverage of chromatography.

  • Introduces students to discussions of IMAC (immobilized metal affinity chromatography), use of fusion proteins, and porous supports. Ex.___

• NEW - Expanded sections on metabolic engineering, animal cell culture, and protein processing.

  • Offers students information on analysis of metabolic pathways, bioreactor considerations for animal cells, and includes some recent examples. Ex.___

• NEW - Additional examples and homework problems—e.g., on topics such as enzyme reaction; reactor operation and scale-up; purification; waste treatment; and genetically engineered cells.

  • Enables students to more thoroughly test their understanding of applied concepts. Ex.___

• NEW - Reorganized coverage.

  • Gives students a more logical presentation of genetic instability, strategies for genetic engineering, and then an approach to selection of host expression system for production of a heterologous protein. Ex.___

• Emphasis on novel bioprocessing technologies.

  • Provides students with discussions on metabolic pathways and regulation, bioreactors, and separation processes. Ex.___

• Coverage on production of proteins from recombinant DNA technology.

  • Allows students to critically compare and evaluate the various techniques involved. Ex.___

• Applications—To special systems and the particular characteristics of mixed cultures; genetically engineered cells; and plant and animal cells.

  • Reinforces the previously covered engineering and biological concepts while providing more detailed information about important new biological systems. Ex.___

• Chapter-end suggested readings.

  • Encourages students to obtain a more in-depth understanding of key biological and engineering concepts. Ex.___

Description

The complete, fully updated introduction to biochemical and bioprocess engineering.

Bioprocess Engineering, Second Edition is a comprehensive update of the world's leading introductory textbook on biochemical and bioprocess engineering. Drs. Michael L. Shuler and Fikret Kargi review the relevant fundamentals of biochemistry, microbiology, and molecular biology, introducing key principles that enable bioprocess engineers to achieve consistent control over biological activity. This edition reflects powerful advances that are transforming the field, ranging from genetic sequencing to new techniques for producing proteins from recombinant DNA. It introduces techniques with broad application to the production of pharmaceuticals, biologics, and commodities; to medical applications such as tissue engineering and gene therapy; and for solving critical environmental problems. This new edition includes:

• Essential biological basics: microorganism structure and functions, major metabolic pathways, enzymes, microbial genetics, kinetics, and stoichiometry of growth
• New coverage of posttranslational processing of proteins-an essential technique for manufacturing therapeutic proteins
• In-depth coverage of animal cell culture processes
• New coverage of noncarbohydrate metabolism
• Functional genomics and cellular engineering: concepts, techniques, and applications
• Applying bioprocess engineering approaches to biomedical applications
• Nonconventional biological systems applications, including host-vector systems for producing proteins from recombinant DNA
• Extensive coverage of mixed cultures, including advanced wastewater treatment processes
• Expanded coverage of modeling, including models in continuous cultures and cybernetic modeling
• How the rapidly evolving governmental regulatory environment constrains bioprocess design and modification

Bioprocess Engineering, Second Edition makes extensive use of illustrations, examples, and problems, and contains extensive references for further reading as well as a detailed appendix describing traditional bioprocesses.

Sample Content

Table of Contents

Preface to the Second Edition.


Preface to the First Edition.

I. INTRODUCTION.

Introductory Remarks. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering. Biologists and Engineers Differ in Their Approach to Research. The Story of Penicillin: How Biologists and Engineers Work Together. Bioprocesses: Regulatory Constraints. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

II. THE BASICS OF BIOLOGY: AN ENGINEER'S PERSPECTIVE.

Are All Cells the Same? Cell Construction. Cell Nutrients. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. How Enzymes Work. Enzyme Kinetics. Immobilized Enzyme Systems. Large-scale Production of Enzymes. Medical and Industrial Utilization of Enzymes. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. The Central Dogma. DNA Replication: Preserving and Propagating the Cellular Message. Transcription: Sending the Message. Translation: Message to Product. Metabolic Regulation. How the Cell Senses Its Extracellular Environment. Summary. Appendix: Examples of Regulation of Complex Pathways. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. Bioenergetics. Glucose Metabolism: Glycolysis and the TCA Cycle. Respiration. Control Sites in Aerobic Glucose Metabolism. Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds. Nitrogen Fixation. Metabolism of Hydrocarbons. Overview of Biosynthesis. Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism. Overview of Autotrophic Metabolism. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. Batch Growth. Quantifying Growth Kinetics. How Cells Grow in Continuous Culture. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. Some Other Definitions. Stoichiometric Calculations. Theoretical Predictions of Yield Coefficients. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. Evolving Desirable Biochemical Activities through Mutation and Selection. Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement. Genetically Engineering Cells. Genomics. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

III. ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES FOR BIOPROCESSES.

Introduction. Choosing the Cultivation Method. Modifying Batch and Continuous Reactors. Immobolized Cell Systems. Solid-state Fermentations. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. Scale-up and Its Difficulties. Bioreactor Instrumentation and Control. Sterilization of Process Fluids. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Strategies to Recover and Purify Products. Separation of Insoluble Products. Cell Disruption. Separation of Soluble Products. Finishing Steps for Purification. Integration of Reaction and Separation. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

IV. APPLICATIONS TO NONCONVENTIONAL BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS.

Structure and Biochemistry of Animal Cells. Methods Used for the Cultivation of Animal Cells. Bioreactor Considerations for Animal Cell Culture. Products of Animal Cell Cultures. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Why Plant Cell Cultures? Plant Cells in Culture Compared to Microbes. Bioreactor Considerations. Economics of Plant Cell Tissue Cultures. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. How the Product Influences Process Decisions. Guidelines for Choosing Host-Vector Systems. Process Constraints: Genetic Instability. Considerations in Plasmid Design to Avoid Process Problems. Predicting HostÐVector Interactions and Genetic Instability. Regulatory Constraints on Genetic Processes. Metabolic Engineering. Protein Engineering. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. Tissue Engineering. Gene Therapy Using Viral Vectors. Bioreactors. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Introduction. Major Classes of Interactions in Mixed Cultures. Simple Models Describing Mixed-culture Interactions. Mixed Cultures in Nature. Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures. Biological Waste Treatment: An Example of the Industrial Utilization of Mixed Cultures. Summary. Suggestions for Further Reading. Problems.

Anaerobic Bioprocesses. Aerobic Processes.

Preface

Preface to the Second Edition

In the decade since the first edition of Bioprocess Engineering: Basic Concepts, biotechnology has undergone several revolutions. Currently, the ability to sequence the genome of whole organisms presents opportunities that could be hardly envisioned ten years ago. Many other technological advances have occurred that provide bioprocess engineers with new tools to serve society better. However, the principles of bioprocess engineering stated in the first edition remain sound.

The goals of this revision are threefold. We want to capture for students the excitement created by these advances in biology and biotechnology. We want to inform students about these tools. Most importantly, we want to demonstrate how the principles of bioprocess engineering can be applied in concert with these advances.

This edition contains a new section in the first chapter alerting students to the regulatory issues that constrain bioprocess design and modification. We believe students need to be aware of these industrially critical issues. Part 2, "An Overview of Biological Basics," has been updated throughout and expanded. Greater emphasis is given now to posttranslational processing of proteins, as this is a key issue in choice of bioprocessing strategies to make therapeutic proteins. Basic processes in animal cells are more completely described, since animal cell culture is now an established commercial bioprocess technology. Chapter 5 is made more complete by introduction of a section on noncarbohydrate metabolism. Key concepts in functional genomics have been added to prepare students to understand the impact of these emerging ideas and technologies on bioprocesses.

In Part 3, "Engineering Principles for Bioprocesses," greater attention is given to issues associated with animal cell bioreactors. The discussion of chromatographic processes is expanded. In Part 4, "Applications to Nonconventional Biological Systems," the material has been rearranged and updated and a new chapter added. These changes are evident in the chapters on animal and plant cell culture. Particularly important is the expanded discussion on choice of host-vector systems for production of proteins from recombinant DNA technology. Coverage of two areas of increasing importance to bioprocess engineers, metabolic and protein engineering, has been expanded. A new chapter on biomedical applications illustrates how approaches to bioprocess engineering are relevant to problems typically considered to be biomedical engineering. The chapter on mixed cultures has been extended to cover advanced waste-water treatment processes. An appendix providing descriptive overviews of some traditional bioprocesses is now included.

The suggestions for further reading at the end of each chapter have been updated. We are unable in this book to provide in-depth treatment of many vital topics. These readings give students an easy way to begin to learn more about these topics.

Teaching a subject as broad as bioprocess engineering in the typical one-semester, three-credit class has never been easy. Although some material in the first edition has been removed or condensed, the second edition is longer than the first. For students with no formal background in biology, coverage of all of the material in this book would require a four-credit class. In a three-credit class we suggest that the instructor cover Chapters 1 to 11 (with 7 being optional) and then decide on subsequent chapters based on course goals. A course oriented toward biopharmaceuticals will want to include careful coverage of Chapters 12 and 14 and some coverage of 13 and 15. A course oriented toward utilization of bioresources would emphasize Chapter 16 and the Appendix and selected coverage of topics in Chapters 13 and 14.

Many students now enter a bioprocess engineering course with formal, college-level instruction in biology and biochemistry. For such students Chapters 2, 4, 5, 7, and 8 can be given as reading assignments to refresh their memories and to insure a uniform, minimal level of biological knowledge. Lecture time can be reserved for material in other chapters or for supplementary material. For these five chapters study questions are provided for self-testing. Under these circumstances the instructor should be able to cover the rest of the material in the book.

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