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Tidy Data

This chapter is from the book

4.1 Columns Contain Values, Not Variables

Data can have columns that contain values instead of variables. This is usually a convenient format for data collection and presentation.

4.1.1 Keep One Column Fixed

We’ll use data on income and religion in the United States from the Pew Research Center to illustrate how to work with columns that contain values, rather than variables.

import pandas as pd
pew = pd.read_csv('data/pew.csv')

When we look at this data set, we can see that not every column is a variable. The values that relate to income are spread across multiple columns. The format shown is a great choice when presenting data in a table, but for data analytics, the table should be reshaped so that we have religion, income, and count variables.

# show only the first few columns
print(pew.iloc[:,  0:5])
                 religion  <$10k  $10-20k $20-30k  $30-40k
0                Agnostic     27       34      60       81
1                 Atheist     12       27      37       52
2                Buddhist     27       21      30       34
3                Catholic    418      617     732      670
4      Don’t know/refused     15       14      15       11
..                    ...    ...      ...     ...      ...
13               Orthodox     13       17      23       32
14        Other Christian      9        7      11       13
15           Other Faiths     20       33      40       46
16  Other World Religions      5        2       3        4
17           Unaffiliated    217      299     374      365

[18 rows x 5 columns]

This view of the data is also known as “wide” data. To turn it into the “long” tidy data format, we will have to unpivot/melt/gather (depending on which statistical programming language we use) our dataframe.

Pandas DataFrames have a method called .melt() that will reshape the dataframe into a tidy format and it takes a few parameters:

  • id_vars is a container (list, tuple, ndarray) that represents the variables that will remain as is.

  • value_vars identifies the columns you want to melt down (or unpivot). By default, it will melt all the columns not specified in the id_vars parameter.

  • var_name is a string for the new column name when the value_vars is melted down. By default, it will be called variable.

  • value_name is a string for the new column name that represents the values for the var_name. By default, it will be called value.

# we do not need to specify a value_vars since we want to pivot
# all the columns except for the 'religion' column
pew_long = pew.melt(id_vars='religion')
print(pew_long)
                  religion            variable   value
0                 Agnostic               <$10k      27
1                  Atheist               <$10k      12
2                 Buddhist               <$10k      27
3                 Catholic               <$10k     418
4       Don't know/refused               <$10k      15
..                     ...                 ...     ...
175               Orthodox  Don't know/refused      73
176        Other Christian  Don't know/refused      18
177           Other Faiths  Don't know/refused      71
178  Other World Religions  Don't know/refused       8
179           Unaffiliated  Don't know/refused     597

[180 rows x 3 columns]

We can change the defaults so that the melted/unpivoted columns are named.

pew_long = pew.melt(
  id_vars="religion", var_name="income", value_name="count"
)
print(pew_long)
                  religion             income  count
0                 Agnostic              <$10k     27
1                  Atheist              <$10k     12
2                 Buddhist              <$10k     27
3                 Catholic              <$10k    418
4       Don't know/refused              <$10k     15
..                     ...                 ...   ...
175               Orthodox  Don't know/refused    73
176        Other Christian  Don't know/refused    18
177           Other Faiths  Don't know/refused    71
178  Other World Religions  Don't know/refused     8
179           Unaffiliated  Don't know/refused   597

[180 rows x 3 columns]

4.1.2 Keep Multiple Columns Fixed

Not every data set will have one column to hold still while you unpivot the rest of the columns. As an example, consider the Billboard data set.

billboard = pd.read_csv('data/billboard.csv')

# look at the first few rows and columns
print(billboard.iloc[0:5, 0:16])
   year        artist                    track  time  date.entered  0  2000         2 Pac  Baby Don't Cry (Keep...  4:22    2000-02-26
1  2000       2Ge+her  The Hardest Part Of ...  3:15    2000-09-02
2  2000  3 Doors Down               Kryptonite  3:53    2000-04-08

3  2000  3 Doors Down                    Loser  4:24    2000-10-21
4  2000      504 Boyz            Wobble Wobble  3:35    2000-04-15

  wk1   wk2   wk3   wk4   wk5   wk6   wk7   wk8   wk9  wk10  wk11
0  87  82.0  72.0  77.0  87.0  94.0  99.0   NaN   NaN   NaN   NaN
1  91  87.0  92.0   NaN   NaN   NaN   NaN   NaN   NaN   NaN   NaN
2  81  70.0  68.0  67.0  66.0  57.0  54.0  53.0  51.0  51.0  51.0
3  76  76.0  72.0  69.0  67.0  65.0  55.0  59.0  62.0  61.0  61.0
4  57  34.0  25.0  17.0  17.0  31.0  36.0  49.0  53.0  57.0  64.0

You can see here that each week has its own column. Again, there is nothing wrong with this form of data. It may be easy to enter the data in this form, and it is much quicker to understand what it means when the data is presented in a table. However, there may be a time when you will need to melt the data. For example, if you wanted to create a faceted plot of the weekly ratings, the facet variable would need to be a column in the dataframe.

# use a list to reference more than 1 variable
billboard_long = billboard.melt(
  id_vars=["year", "artist", "track", "time", "date.entered"],
  var_name="week",
  value_name="rating",
)

print(billboard_long)
       year            artist                   track  time  0      2000             2 Pac  Baby Don't Cry (Keep... 4:22
1      2000           2Ge+her  The Hardest Part Of ... 3:15
2      2000      3 Doors Down               Kryptonite 3:53
3      2000      3 Doors Down                    Loser 4:24
4      2000          504 Boyz            Wobble Wobble 3:35
...     ...               ...                      ... ...
24087  2000       Yankee Grey     Another Nine Minutes 3:10
24088  2000  Yearwood, Trisha          Real Live Woman 3:55
24089  2000   Ying Yang Twins  Whistle While You Tw... 4:19
24090  2000     Zombie Nation            Kernkraft 400 3:30
24091  2000   matchbox twenty                     Bent 4:12

      date.entered  week  rating
0       2000-02-26   wk1    87.0
1       2000-09-02   wk1    91.0
2       2000-04-08   wk1    81.0
3       2000-10-21   wk1    76.0
4       2000-04-15   wk1    57.0
...            ...   ...     ...
24087   2000-04-29  wk76     NaN
24088   2000-04-01  wk76     NaN

24089   2000-03-18  wk76     NaN
24090   2000-09-02  wk76     NaN
24091   2000-04-29  wk76     NaN

[24092 rows x 7 columns]

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