An Oracle Programmatic and General Reference

+ (unary)

– (unary)

Specifies a positive number or expression

Specifies a negative number or expression

+ (binary)

- (binary)

Addition

Subtraction

*

/

Multiplication

Division

||

Concatenates two character (string) values

NOT

Reverses the meaning of another logical expression's result

OR

Logical OR—True if any are true, false else

AND

Logical AND—True if all are true, else false

=

true if two expressions are equal

!= ^= -= <>

logically equivalent—true if two expressions are not equal

>

True if left expression is greater than right expression

>=

True if left expression is greater than or equal to right expression

<

True if left expression is less than right expression

<=

True if left expression is less than or equal to right expression

IN

Is equal to any member of a set or subquery

NOT IN

Does NOT equal any member of a set or subquery

ANY, SOME

True if one or more of the values in the list of expressions or subquery satisfies the condition

ALL

True if all of the values in the list of expressions or subquery satisfies the condition

BETWEEN x AND y

True if greater than or equal to x and less than or equal to y (can be reversed in meaning with NOT)

EXISTS

True if the subquery returns at least one row (can be reversed in meaning with NOT)

LIKE pattern [ESCAPE 'c']

'True if expression or subquery matches pattern. '%' matches any sequence of characters, '_' matches any single character. If ESCAPE is used, the character 'c' causes the character following to be taken literally (can be reversed in meaning with NOT).

IS NULL

TRUE if the value is NULL (can be reversed in meaning with NOT)

UNION

This combines the results of two queries and returns the set of distinct rows returned by either query

UNION ALL

This combines the results of two queries and returns all rows returned by either query, including duplicates

INTERSECT

This combines the results of two queries and returns the set of distinct rows returned by both queries

MINUS

This combines the results of two queries and returns the distinct rows that were in the first query, but not in the second

(+)

Denotes that the preceding column is an outer join

*

Wildcard operator. Equals all columns in a select statement

PRIOR

Denotes a parent-child relationship in a tree-structured query

ALL

Include all duplicate rows in a query (the default)

DISTINCT

Eliminate duplicates in a result set

+ –

Unary arithmetic operators

PRIOR operator

* /

Arithmetic operators

+ –

Binary arithmetic operators

|| character operator

NOT

Logical operator

AND

Logical operator

OR

Logical operator

+ –

Unary

* /

+ –

Binary

ABS(n)

Returns absolute value of n

ACOS(n)

Returns arc cosine of n in radians

ASIN(n)

Returns arc sine of n in radians

ATAN(n)

Returns arc tangent of n, in radians

ATAN2(n,m)

Returns the arc tangent of n and m, in radians

BITAND(n,m)

Computes the bitwise logical AND of the bits of n and m, where n and m are nonnegative integers. Returns an integer.

CEIL(n)

Ceiling function—returns the smallest integer >= n

COS(n)

Returns the cosine of n where n is in radians

COSH(n)

Returns the hyperbolic cosine of n where n is in radians

EXP(n)

Returns eⁿ

FLOOR(n)

Returns the largest integer <= n

LN(n)

Returns the natural log of n

LOG(m,n)

Returns the base m log of n

MOD(m,n)

Returns the modulus of m, n—the remainder of m divided by n. (Returns m when n=0)

POWER(m,n)

Returns m raised to the n^th power

ROUND (m[,n])

Rounds m to the nearest n places. Where n is omitted, default is zero. n must be an integer

SIGN(n)

For n < 0, returns –1, for n > 0, returns 1, for n = 0, returns 0

SIN(n)

Returns sine(n) where n is in radians

SINH(n)

Returns the hyperbolic sine(n) where n is in radians

SQRT(n)

Returns the square root of n

TAN(n)

Returns the tangent(n) where n is in radians

TANH(n)

Returns the hyperbolic tangent(n) where n is in radians

TRUNC (m[,n])

Truncate. Returns m truncated to n places. Where n is omitted, it returns the integer value of m.

WIDTH_BUCKET (exp,min,max,num)

Returns the “bucket” in which exp belongs, where min is the minimum value, max is the maximum value, and num is the number of divisions (buckets) to use

CHR (n)

Returns the character whose binary value is n. Accepts USING NCHAR_CS clause

CONCAT (char1,char2)

Combines two strings, char1 and char2

INITCAP(char)

Returns char with the first character of each word in char capitalized

LOWER(char)

Returns char with all characters converted to lowercase

LPAD(char1,n[,char2])

Returns char1 padded on the left to width n with character sequence in char2. Default padding is a single blank (space).

LTRIM(char[,set])

Returns char with initial characters in set removed from the left. Default set is a blank character (space).

NLS_INITCAP(char[,nlsparam])

Returns char with the first character of each word in char capitalized. Accepts an NLS parameter.

NLS_LOWER(char[,nlsparam])

Returns char with all characters converted to lowercase. Accepts an NLS parameter.

NLSSORT(char[,nlsparam])

Returns language specific sort of char. Accepts an NLS parameter.

NLS_UPPER(char[,nlsparam])

Returns char with all characters converted to uppercase. Accepts an NLS parameter.

REPLACE(char[,searchstring[,replacestring]])

Returns char with searchstring replaced by replacestring. Where replacestring is omitted or null, all instances of searchstring are removed. Where searchstring is omitted or null, char is returned.

RPAD(char1,n[,char2])

Returns char1 padded on the right to width n with character sequence in char2. Default padding is a single blank (space).

RTRIM(char[,set])

Returns char with initial characters in set removed from the right. Default set is a blank character (space).

SOUNDEX(char)

Returns the phonetic equivalent of char. Allows for searches for words that sound alike but are spelled differently.

SUBSTR(string,n[,m])

also:

SUBSTRB - bytes

SUBSTRC - unicode

SUBSTR2 - UCS2 codepoints

SUBSTR4 - UCS4 codepoints

Returns the substring of string, starting at position n, for a length of m (or to the end of string if m is not present)

TRANSLATE(char,from,to)

Returns char, with all occurrences of characters in the from string replaced with the corresponding character in the to string. If to is shorter than from, then from characters without a corresponding to character will be removed. Empty to returns NULL, not an empty string.

TREAT(exp AS [[REF] [schema.]] type)

Changes the declared type of exp to type

TRIM([[LEADING|TRAILING|BOTH] [trimchar]FROM]source)

Returns source with leading and/or trailing trimchars removed. Default trimchar is a blank space, default action is to remove both leading and trailing blank spaces.

UPPER (char)

Returns char with all characters converted to uppercase

ASCII (char)

Returns the number value of the first character of char

INSTR(str,substr[,pos[,occur]])

also:

INSTRB - bytes

INSTRC - unicode

INSTR2 - UCS2 codepoints

INSTR4 - UCS4 codepoints

“In string” function. Returns the position of the occurrence occur of substr in str, starting at pos. Default for pos and occur is 1. If pos is negative, search works backwards from the end of str.

LENGTH (char)

also:

LENGTHB - bytes

LENGTHC - unicode

LENGTH2 - UCS2 codepoints

LENGTH4 - UCS4 codepoints

Returns the length of char

ADD_MONTHS(d,n)

Returns the date d plus n months. If d is the last day of the month, or d+n would be past the end of the month, returns the last day of the month.

CURRENT_DATE

Returns the current Gregorian date as datatype DATE, in the session specific time zone

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP [(precision)]

Returns the current date and time as datatype TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE, in the session specific time zone. Precision defaults to 6 places.

DBTIMEZONE

Returns the time zone of the database

EXTRACT (datetime FROM expr)

datetime can be YEAR, MONTH, DAY, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND, TIMEZONE_HOUR, TIMEZONE_MINUTE, TIMEZONE_REGION, or TIMEZONE_ABBR, and expr can be either an internal value or datetime value expression

FROM_TZ(timestamp, time_zone)

Returns timestamp converted to a TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE value, using time_zone

LAST_DAY(date)

Returns the date of the last day of the month containing date

LOCALTIMESTAMP [(precision)]

Returns the current date and time of the session in datatype TIMESTAMP of precision

MONTHS_BETWEEN(date1, date2)

Returns the number of months between date1 and date2

NEW_TIME(date,zone1,zone2)

Returns date converted from time zone zone1 to zone2. NLS_DATE_FORMAT must be set to a 24-hour format.

NEXT_DAY(date,weekday)

Returns the next weekday later than date where weekday is the day of the week or its abbreviation

NUMTODSINTERVAL (n, char)

Returns n converted to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND literal. char can be 'DAY,' 'HOUR,' 'MINUTE,' or 'SECOND,' or an expression that resolves to one of those

NUMTOYMINTERVAL (n, char)

Returns n converted to an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH literal. char can be 'MONTH' or 'YEAR' or an expression that resolves to one of those

ROUND (date[,fmt])

Returns date rounded to the nearest unit specified by the format model fmt. Defaults to the nearest day.

SESSIONTIMEZONE

Returns the time zone of the current session, either as a time zone offset or a time zone region name, depending on the format used for the most recent ALTER SESSION statement

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC (datetz)

Extracts the UTC value of datetz where datetz is a datetime with time zone displacement

SYSDATE

Returns the current date and time

SYSTIMESTAMP

Returns the system timestamp in TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE datatype

TO_DSINTERVAL(char [nlsparm])

Converts char to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND type

TO_TIMESTAMP (char[,fmt[nlsparm]])

Converts char to datatype of TIMESTAMP. fmt specifies the format of char if other than the default for datatype TIMESTAMP

TO_TIMESTAMP_TZ (char[,fmt[nlsparm]])

Converts char to datatype of TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE. fmt specifies the format of char if other than the default for datatype TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE.

TO_YMINTERVA(char)

Converts char to an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH type

TRUNC (date[,fmt])

Returns date truncated to the time unit specified by fmt. If fmt is omitted, date is truncated to the nearest day.

TZ_OFFSET(tzname | SESSIONTIMEZONE | DBTIMEZONE | '+|-hh:mi')

Returns the timezone offset

ASCIISTR(string)

Returns the ASCII string in the database language of string which can be in any character set. Non-ASCII characters are converted to their UTF-16 binary values.

BIN_TO_NUM(expr[,expr…])

Converts the binary bits of expr,expr,… to a number. Example: BIN_TO_NUM(1,1,0,1) returns 13.

CAST(expr | [MULTISET] (subquery) AS type)

Converts from one built in datatype or collection type to another

CHARTOROWID(char)

Converts char to type ROWID

COMPOSE('string')

Converts string to its Unicode string equivalent in the same character set

CONVERT(char, dest_set [,source_set])

Returns char converted from source_set character set to dest_set character set. If source_set is not specified, the database character set is assumed.

DECOMPOSE(string [CANONICAL | COMPATIBILITY])

Returns a unicode string decomposed from its fully normalized form. If CANONICAL(the default) is used, the result can be recomposed with COMPOSE.

HEXTORAW (char)

Returns hexadecimal digits of char as RAW

NUMTODSINTERVAL (n, char)

Converts number n to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND literal. char can be 'DAY,' 'HOUR,' 'MINUTE,' or 'SECOND'

NUMTOYMINTERVAL (n, char)

Converts number n to an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH literal. char can be 'YEAR or 'MONTH'

RAWTOHEX(raw)

Converts raw to its hexadecimal equivalent character value

RAWTONHEX(raw)

Converts raw to its hexadecimal equivalent NVARCHAR2 character value

ROWIDTOCHAR(rowid)

Converts rowid to a VARCHAR2 18 characters long

ROWIDTONCHAR(rowid)

Converts rowid to a NVARCHAR2 18 characters long

TO_CHAR (nchar | clob | nclob)

Converts an NCHAR, NVARCHAR2, CLOB or NCLOB value to the underlying database character set

TO_CHAR (date [,fmt[nlsparm]])

Converts date to VARCHAR2, using format fmt and any nlsparm

TO_CHAR (num [,fmt[nlsparm]])

Converts num to VARCHAR2, using format fmt and any nlsparm

TO_CLOB (lob_col|char)

Converts lob_col or char to CLOB value

TO_DATE char [,fmt[nlsparm]]

Converts char to a date, using the format fmt and any nlsparm. If fmt is not specified, then the default date format is used.

TO_DSINTERVAL (char [nlsparm])

Converts char to an INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND literal

TO_LOB(long_col)

Converts the LONG or LONG RAW value of long_col to LOB values

TO_MULTI_BYTE(char)

Converts single byte char to multibyte characters

TO_NCHAR(char [,fmt[nlsparm]])

Converts a string from the database character set to the national character set

TO_NCHAR (datetime | interval[,fmt[nlsparm]])

Converts a date, time, or interval value from the database character set to the national character set

TO_NCHAR (n [,fmt[nlsparm]])

Converts a number to a string in the NVARCHAR2 character set

TO_NCLOB (lob_column | char)

Converts char or lob_column to NCLOB data, using the national character set

TO_NUMBER(char[,fmt[nlsparm]])

Converts char to a number, using fmt as the format specifier

TO_SINGLE_BYTE(char)

Returns char with any multibyte characters converted to the corresponding single byte characters

TO_YMINTERVAL(char [nlsparm])

Converts char to an INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH literal

TRANSLATE (text USING CHAR_CS | NCHAR_CS)

Returns text translated into the database character set (USING CHAR_CS) or the national character set (USING NCHAR_CS)

UNISTR(string)

Returns string in Unicode using the database Unicode character set

BFILENAME('dir','fname')

Returns a locator for an LOB binary file on the filesystem. dir is the database object that is an alias for the full pathname of the file directory, fname is the actual file name.

COALESCE(expr[,expr,...])

Returns the first nonnull expression in a list of expressions

DECODE(expr,search ,result [ ,search,result...][,default])

Searches expr for search, returning the specific result for each search. Returns default if search is not found.

DEPTH(correlation_int)

Returns the number of levels in the path specified by an UNDER_PATH condition

DUMP(expr[,return_fmt [,start[,length]]])

Returns a VARCHAR2 value with the datatype, length, and internal representation of expr, using the format of return_fmt. Returns entire internal representation unless start and optionally length are specified.

EMPTY_BLOB()

Returns a locator for a BLOB, allowing you to initialize the BLOB

EMPTY_CLOB()

Returns a locator for a CLOB, allowing you to initialize the CLOB

EXISTSNODE(XML_Instance, path [expr])

Walks the XML tree and returns success if a node is found that matches the specified path

EXTRACT (XML_Instance, path [expr])

Walks the XML tree and, if nodes are found which match the specified path, returns those nodes

EXTRACTVALUE(XML_Instance, path [expr])

Walks the XML tree and, if nodes are found that match the specified path, returns the scalar value of those nodes

GREATEST(expr[,expr,...])

Returns the expression in the list with greatest value. All data types are implicitly converted to the data type of the first expression. Character comparisons use the database character set.

LEAST(expr[,expr,...])

Returns the expression in the list with least value. All data types are implicitly converted to the data type of the first expression. Character comparisons use the database character set.

NLS_CHARSET_DECL_LEN (bytes,set_id)

Returns the declaration width of the NCHAR column of width bytes and a character set ID of set_id

NLS_CHARSET_ID(text)

Returns the number of a character set ID with a character set name of text

NLS_CHARSET_NAME(num)

Returns the character set name of the character set with ID num

NULLIF(expr1,expr2)

Returns null if expr1and expr2 are equal, else returns expr1

NVL(expr1,expr2)

Returns expr2 if expr1 is NULL, else returns expr1

NVL2(expr1,expr2,expr3)

Returns expr2 if expr1 is NOT NULL, else returns expr3

PATH (correlation_int)

Returns the relative path to the resource specified in an UNDER_PATH or EQUALS_PATH condition

SYS_CONNECT_BY_PATH (column,char)

Returns the path of a column value from root to node in an hierarchical query. Column values are separated by char.

SYS_CONTEXT('namespace', 'param'[,len])

Returns a VARCHAR2 with the value of param of namespace. Return is 256 bytes unless overridden by len.

SYS_DBURIGEN(col|attr [rowid][,col|attr [rowid],...] [,'text()'])

Generates a URL that can be used to retrieve an XML document from one or more columns col or attributes attr with or without a rowid

SYS_EXTRACT_UTC(time)

Returns the UTC from time where time is a datetime with time zone displacement

SYS_GUID()

Generates and then returns a Globally Unique IDentifier (GUID) of 16 RAW bytes

SYS_TYPEID(obj_val)

Returns the typeid of an object type operand

SYS_XMLAGG(expr [fmt])

Creates a single well-formed XML document from multiple documents

SYS_XMLGEN(expr [fmt])

Creates a well-formed XML document from a database row/column expression

UID

Returns the UID of the current session user

UPDATEXML(XML_instance, path, expr)

Updates an XML document by searching for the node specified in the path, then replaces either the node or the scalar value of the node, depending on argument types

USER

Returns the username of the current session user

USERENV(param)

Returns a variety of information about the current session. While deprecated in favor of SYS_CONTEXT, this is retained for backward compatibility.

VSIZE(expr)

Returns the number of bytes used by the value represented by expr

XMLAGG(XML_instance [ORDER BY sortlist])

Returns a well-formed XML document by aggregating a series of XML fragments. The returned document is a simple aggregate and no formatting is supported.

XMLCOLATTVAL

Creates an XML fragment for one or more columns of a single row. The format of the fragment is fixed as <column name=”column name”>column value</column>.

XMLCONCAT(XML_instance [, XML_instance,...])

Returns an XML fragment created by concatenating a series of XML fragments or elements

XMLFOREST

Creates an XML fragment for one or more columns of a single row. The format of the fragment is fixed as <column name>column value</column name>.

XMLSEQUENCE

Used to “unroll” a stored XMLType into multiple rows for further processing as individual elements

XMLTRANSFORM

Applies an XSL style sheet to an XML document and returns the resulting new XML document

AVG([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

Computes the average of the rows returned by expr. If the DISTINCT keyword is used, duplicate rows will be excluded from the calculation.

CORR( expr1 , expr2 )

Calculates the coefficient of correlation between expr1 and expr2

COUNT(* | [DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

Returns the number of [DISTINCT] rows in the expr that are not null, or if * is specified, the total number of rows, including duplicates and nulls

COVAR_POP( expr1, expr2 )

Given a set of pairs, expr1 and expr2, where nulls are excluded, returns the population covariance

COVAR_SAMP( expr1, expr2 )

Given a set of pairs, expr1 and expr2, where nulls are excluded, returns the sample covariance

CUME_DIST(expr[,expr...]) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr [DESC|ASC] [NULLS [FIRST|LAST])

Given a list of values, finds and returns the cumulative distribution of a single value within that list

DENSE_RANK(expr[,expr...]) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr)

Given an ordered group of rows, finds and returns the rank of a single value within that group

FIRST ORDER BY expr [DESC|ASC] [NULLS [FIRST|LAST])

Returns the first row or rows from a set based on the specified sort order. If multiple rows tie as “first” then all tied rows will be returned. Used in an aggregate function.

GROUP_ID()

Used in GROUP BY specification to distinguish duplicate groups

GROUPING(expr)

Used to distinguish superaggregate rows from regular grouped rows when ROLLUP and CUBE are used

GROUPING_ID(expr[,expr...])

Returns the number of the GROUPING bit vector for a row

LAST ORDER BY expr [DESC|ASC] [NULLS [FIRST|LAST])

Returns the last row or rows from a set based on the specified sort order. If multiple rows tie as “last” then all tied rows will be returned. Used in an aggregate function.

MAX([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

Returns the maximum value of expr. If the DISTINCT keyword is used, duplicate rows will be excluded from the calculation.

MIN([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

Returns the minimum value of expr. If the DISTINCT keyword is used, duplicate rows will be excluded from the calculation.

PERCENTILE_CONT(expr) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr [DESC|ASC])

Given a list of values and a specified percentile ranking, returns the interpolated value of that percentile by assuming a continuous distribution of data in the list

PERCENTILE_DISC(expr) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr [DESC|ASC])

Given a list of values and a specified percentile ranking, returns the smallest value that meets or exceeds that percentile rank by assuming a discrete distribution of data in the list

PERCENT_RANK(expr) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr [DESC|ASC][NULLS FIRST|LAST])

Given a list of values, calculates the hypothetical rank of a single value within that list

RANK(expr) WITHIN GROUP (ORDER BY expr [DESC|ASC][NULLS FIRST|LAST])

Returns the rank (ordering) of expr in the group of values returned by the order by expression

STDDEV([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

Returns the standard deviation of expr

STDDEV_POP([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

Returns the square root of the population variance from computing the standard deviation of expr

STDDEV_SAMP([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

Returns the square root of the cumulative sample standard deviation of expr

SUM([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

Returns the sum of expr. Distinct eliminates duplicates from the set of values being summed.

VAR_POP(expr)

Returns the population variance of expr. Nulls are removed from the calculation.

VAR_SAMP(expr)

Returns the sample variance of expr. Nulls are removed from the calculation.

VARIANCE([DISTINCT|ALL] expr)

The variance of expr, with duplicates removed if DISTINCT is specified

REGR_SLOPE(expr,expr2)

Returns the slope of a least squares regression line of the set of number pairs defined by (expr,expr2)

REGR_INTERCEPT(expr,expr2)

Returns the Y intercept of a least squares regression line of the set of number pairs defined by (expr,expr2)

REGR_COUNT(expr,expr2)

Returns the number of NOT NULL pairs used to fit the least squares regression line of the set of number pairs defined by (expr,expr2)

REGR_R2(expr,expr2)

Returns the R² value (coefficient of determination) of a least squares regression line of the set of number pairs defined by (expr,expr2)

REGR_AVGX(expr,expr2)

Returns the average value of expr2 of a least squares regression line of the set of number pairs defined by (expr,expr2) after removing nulls from the calculation

REGR_AVGY(expr,expr2)

Returns the average value of expr of a least squares regression line of the set of number pairs defined by (expr,expr2) after removing nulls from the calculation

REGR_SXX(expr,expr2)

Returns the value of calculating REGR_COUNT(expr, expr2) * VAR_POP(expr2) with nulls removed from the calculation

REGR_SYY(expr,expr2)

Returns the value of calculating REGR_COUNT(expr, expr2) * VAR_POP(expr) with nulls removed from the calculation

REGR_SXY(expr,expr2)

Returns the value of calculating REGR_COUNT(expr, expr2) * COVAR_POP(expr,expr2) with nulls removed from the calculation

FIRST_VALUE(expr) OVER (analytical_clause)

Returns the first in the ordered set of expr

LAG(expr[,offset][,default]) OVER (analytical_clause)

Provides access at a point offset prior to the cursor in a series of rows returned by expr

LAST_VALUE(expr) OVER (analytical_clause)

Returns the last in the ordered set of expr

LEAD(expr[,offset][,default]) OVER (analytical_clause)

Provides access at a point offset beyond the cursor in a series of rows returned by expr

NTILE(expr) OVER (analytical_clause)

Divides the ordered dataset into expr number of buckets

RATIO_TO_REPORT(expr) OVER (analytical_clause)

Returns the ratio of expr to the sum returned by analytical_clause

ROW_NUMBER(expr) OVER ([partition_clause]order_by_clause)

Assigns a unique number to each row

DEREF(expr)

Returns the object reference of expr. Without this, an the object ID of the reference would be returned.

MAKE_REF(table|view,key [,key...])

Returns a REF to a row of an object view or table

REF(correlation_var)

Returns the REF value of correlation_var

REFTOHEX(expr)

Converts expr to its hexadecimal equivalent where expr is a REF

VALUE(correlation_var)

Returns the value associated with the correlation_var

- / , . ; “text”

Quoted text and punctuation are reproduced in the result

AD A.D.

Indicates date that is AD. Periods optional

AM A.M. PM P.M.

Before or after noon. Periods optional

BC B.C.

Indicates date that is BC. Periods optional

CC SCC

Century (SCC precedes BC century with -)

D

The day of week (1–7)

DAY

The name of the day of the week (Monday, Tuesday, etc.). Padded to 9 characters.

DD

Day of month (1–31)

DDD

The number of the day of year (1–366)

DY

The name of the day of the week, abbreviated

E

Abbreviated era name (for Japanese Imperial, ROC Official, and Thai Buddha calendars)

EE

Full era name

FF [1–9]

Fractional seconds. 1–9 specifies the number of digits

HH

Hour of day(12-hour clock)

HH12

Hour of day (12-hour clock)

HH24

Hour of day (24-hour clock)

IW

Number of Week of the year

IYY IY I

Last 3, 2, or 1 digit(s) of ISO year

IYYY

4-digit ISO year

J

Julian day(number of days since January 1, 4712 BC)

MI

Minute (0–59)

MM

Month (01–12)

MON

JAN, FEB, MAR, etc.

MONTH

Full month name, padded to 9 characters

Q

Quarter of year where JAN–MAR = 1

RM

Month in Roman numerals (I–XII; JAN = I)

RR

Last two digits of the year, for years in previous or next century (where previous if current year is <=50, next if current year >50)

RRRR

Round year. Accepts 4 or 2 digit input, 2 digit returns as RR.

SS

Seconds (0–59)

SSSSS

Seconds past midnight (0–86399)

TZD

Abbreviated Time Zone String with Daylight Savings

TZH

Time zone hour

TZM

Time zone minute

WW

The week of the year (1–53)

W

The week of the month

X

Local radix character

Y, YYY

Year, with comma as shown

YEAR

SYEAR

Year, fully spelled out. For SYEAR, BC dates use “-”

Y

YY

YYY

Final one, two, or three digits of the year

FM

The fill mode toggle. Suppresses blank padding of MONTH or DAY

FX

Specifies that the format of TO_DATE functions must be an exact match

TH

converts to an ordinal number ("5TH")

SP

Spells out the number ("FIVE")

SPTH or THSP

Spells out the ordinal number ("FIFTH")

,

9,999

Returns a comma at the position specified

.

99.99

Returns a period (decimal point) at the position specified

$

$9999

Leading dollar sign

0

0999

Returns value with leading zeros

0

9990

Returns value with trailing zeros

9

9999

Returns value with the specified number of digits. Leading space if positive, – if negative. Leading zeros are blank, except when integer portion is zero, then a single leading zero is returned.

B

B9999

As in 9, above, but returns a blank in all cases for leading zeros

C

C999

Returns the ISO currency symbol

D

99D99

Returns the NLS decimal character in the specified position

EEEE

9.9EEEE

Returns value in scientific notation

FM

FM90.9

Returns a value without leading or trailing blanks

G

9G999

Returns the value with the NLS group separator in the specified position

L

L999

Returns the value with the NLS Local Currency Symbol in the specified position. Negative values have a trailing minus sign (–), positive values with a trailing blank.

PR

9999PR

Returns negative values in <angle brackets>, positives have leading and trailing blanks

RN rn

RN rn

Returns the value as Roman numerals, in the case-specified

S

S9999 9999S

Returns the value with a + or – sign denoting positive or negative value in the position shown (can only be first or last position).

TM

TM

“Text minimum.” Returns the smallest number of characters possible and is case-insensitive. Default is TM9 that uses fixed notation up to 64 characters, then scientific notation.

U

U9999

Returns the “Euro” (or other) NLS dual currency symbol in the specified position

V

999V99

Returns a value multiplied by 10 times the number of 9s specified after the V

X

XXXX

Returns the Hexadecimal value. Precede with a 0 to have leading zeros, or FM to remove the leading blank.

ACCESS

CREATE

HAVING

MODE

PUBLIC

SYSDATE

ADD

CURRENT

IDENTIFIED

MODIFY

RAW

TABLE

ALL

DATE

IMMEDIATE

NOAUDIT

RENAME

THEN

ALTER

DECIMAL

IN

NOCOMPRESS

RESOURCE

TO

AND

DEFAULT

INCREMENT

NOT

REVOKE

TRIGGER

ANY

DELETE

INDEX

NOWAIT

ROW

UID

AS

DESC

INITIAL

NULL

ROWID

UNION

ASC

DISTINCT

INSERT

NUMBER

ROWNUM

UNIQUE

AUDIT

DROP

INTEGER

OF

ROWS

UPDATE

BETWEEN

ELSE

INTERSECT

OFFLINE

SELECT

USER

BY

EXCLUSIVE

INTO

ON

SESSION

VALIDATE

CHAR

EXISTS

IS

ONLINE

SET

VALUES

CHECK

FILE

LEVEL

OPTION

SHARE

VARCHAR

CLUSTER

FLOAT

LIKE

OR

SIZE

VARCHAR2

COLUMN

FOR

LOCK

ORDER

SMALLINT

VIEW

COMMENT

FROM

LONG

PCTFREE

START

WHENEVER

COMPRESS

GRANT

MAXEXTENTS

PRIOR

SUCCESSFUL

WHERE

CONNECT

GROUP

MINUS

PRIVILEGES

SYNONYM

WITH

Clusters

Create Cluster

A cluster in its own schema

Create Any Cluster

Any cluster in any schema

Alter Any Cluster

Any cluster in any schema

Drop Any Cluster

Any cluster in any schema

Contexts

Create Any Context

Any context namespace

Drop Any Context

Any context namespace

Database

Alter Database

The database

Alter System

ALTER SYSTEM statements

Audit System

AUDIT sql statements

Database Links

Create Database Link

Private links in own schema

Create Public Database Links

Public database links

Drop Public Database Links

Public database links

Debugging

Debug Connect Session

Current Session can be connected to a JDWP (Java Debug Wire Protocol) debugger

Debug Any Procedure

All PL/SQL and Java code in any database object

Dimensions

Create Dimension

Dimensions in own schema

Create Any Dimension

Dimensions in any schema

Alter Any Dimension

Dimensions in any schema

Drop Any Dimension

Dimensions in any schema

Directories

Create Any Directory

Directory database objects

Drop Any Directory

Directory database objects

Indextypes

Create Indextype

Indextypes in own schema

Create Any Indextype

Indextypes in any schema

Alter Any Indextype

Indextypes in any schema

Drop Any Indextype

Indextypes in any schema

Execute Any Indextype

Indextypes in any schema

Indexes

Create Any Index

Any table in any schema or a domain index in any schema

Alter Any Index

Any schema

Drop Any Index

Any schema

Query Rewrite

Materialized views or function-based index in own schema

Global Query Rewrite

Materialized views or function-based index in any schema

Libraries

Create Library

External procedure or function library in own schema

Create Any Library

External procedure or function library in any schema

Drop Any Library

External procedure or function library in any schema

Materialized Views

Create Materialized View

Materialized view in own schema

Create Any Materialized View

Materialized view in any schema

Alter Any Materialized View

Materialized view in any schema

Drop Any Materialized View

Materialized view in any schema

Query Rewrite

Materialized views or function-based index in own schema

Global Query Rewrite

Materialized views or function-based index in any schema

On Commit Refresh

Create a refresh on commit materialized view or alter a refresh on demand materialized view on any table in database

Flashback Any Table

Any table, view, or materialized view in the database

Operators

Create Operator

Operator in own schema

Create Any Operator

Operator in any schema

Drop Any Operator

Operator in any schema

Execute Any Operator

Operator in any schema

Outlines

Create Any Outline

Public outlines in any schema

Alter Any Outline

Public outlines in any schema

Alter Any Outline

Public outlines in any schema

Select Any Outline

Create a private outline that is a clone of a public one

Procedures

Create Procedure

Stored procedures, functions, and packages in own schema

Create Any Procedure

Stored procedures, functions, and packages in any schema

Alter Any Procedure

Stored procedures, functions, and packages in any schema

Drop Any Procedure

Stored procedures, functions, and packages in any schema

Execute Any Procedure

Stored procedures, functions, and packages in any schema

Profiles

Create Profile

Profiles

Alter Profile

Profiles

Drop Profile

Profiles

Roles

Create Role

Create new roles

Alter Any Role

Any role in the database

Drop Any Role

Any role in the database

Grant Any Role

Any role in the database

Rollback Segments

Create Rollback Segment

Rollback segments

Alter Rollback Segments

Rollback segments

Drop Rollback Segments

Rollback segments

Sequences

Create Sequence

Sequences in own schema

Create Any Sequence

Sequences in any schema

Alter Any Sequence

Sequences in any schema

Drop Any Sequence

Sequences in any schema

Select Any Sequence

Sequences in any schema

Sessions

Create Session

Connect to database

Alter Resource Cost

Set resource costs for sessions

Alter Session

Alter your current session parameters

Restricted Session

Connect to database when RESTRICTED SESSION is in effect

Synonym

Create Synonym

Synonyms in own schema

Create Any Synonym

Private synonyms in any schema

Drop Any Synonym

Private synonyms in any schema

Create Public Synonym

Public synonyms

Drop Public Synonym

Public synonyms

Tables

Create Table

Tables in own schema

Create Any Table

Tables in any schema

Alter Any Table

Tables or views in any schema

Back Up Any Table

Export objects from any schema

Delete Any Table

Rows from tables, views, or table partitions in any schema

Drop Any Table

Tables or table partitions in any schema (includes TRUNCATE)

Insert Any Table

Rows into any table or view in any schema

Lock Any Table

Tables or views in any schema

Select Any Table

Tables or views in any schema

Flashback Any Table

Any table, view, or materialized view in the database

Update Any Table

Rows in any table or view in any schema

Tablespaces

Create Tablespace

Tablespaces

Alter Tablespace

Tablespaces

Drop Tablespace

Tablespaces

Manage Tablespaces

Online and offline of tablespaces and begin or end backups of tablespaces

Unlimited Tablespace

Unlimited storage on any tablespace. Overrides specific quotas

Triggers

Create Trigger

Triggers in own schema

Create Any Trigger

Triggers in any schema

Alter Any Trigger

Triggers in any schema

Drop Any Trigger

Triggers in any schema

Administer Database Trigger

Create trigger on database. Also requires Create Trigger or Create Any Trigger.

Types

Create Type

Object types and bodies in own schema

Create Any Type

Object types and bodies in any schema

Alter Any Type

Object types and bodies in any schema

Drop Any Type

Object types and bodies in any schema

Execute Any Type

Object types and bodies in any schema

Under Any Type

Create subtypes

Users

Create User

Create users. Implicitly allows the setting of passwords, quotas, default, and temporary tablespaces and assigning of profiles for new users.

Alter User

Alter settings for existing users. Implicitly allows the setting of passwords, quotas, default, and temporary tablespaces and assigning of profiles.

Become User

Change to any other user (required for full database imports)

Drop User

Drop any user

Views

Create View

Views in own schema

Create Any View

Views in any schema

Drop Any View

Views in any schema

Under Any View

Create subviews of any view

Flashback Any Table

Any table, view, or materialized view in the database

Miscellaneous

Analyze Any

Any table, cluster, or index in any schema

Audit Any

Any object in any schema

Comment Any Table

Any table, view, or column in any schema

Exempt Access Policy

Bypass access control

Force Transaction

Own in-doubt distributed transactions

Force Any Transaction

Force the commit or rollback of any in-doubt distributed transaction

Grant Any Object Privilege

Grant or revoke any object privilege

Grant Any Privilege

Grant any system privilege

Resumable

Enable resumable allocation of space

Select Any Dictionary

Query SYS data dictionary objects. Overrides an init parameter of FALSE to 07_DICTIONARY_ACCESSIBILITY.

SYSDBA

STARTUP and SHUTDOWN, ALTER DATABASE, CREATE DATABASE, ARCHIVELOG, RECOVERY, CREATE SPFILE, RESTRICTED SESSION

SYSOPER

Similar to SYSDBA, but can't create a database, and can't change the character set

Alter

Table

Modify the table definitions

Sequence

Modify the sequence definition

Debug

Table

Use debugger on PL/SQL triggers on the table and SQL statements that reference the table

View

Use debugger on PL/SQL triggers on the view and SQL statements that reference the view

Procedures, Functions, and Packages

Use debugger to access all variables, methods, and types. Place breakpoints and stops.

Delete

Table

Delete rows

View

Delete rows in the view

Materialized View

Delete rows in the materialized view

Execute

Procedures, Functions, and Packages

Compile, or access public variables, methods and types through a debugger. Not required for indirect execution of the Procedure, function, or package.

Library

Use the library and invoke its methods

Operator

Reference the operator

Indextype

Reference the Indextype

Flashback

Table

Issue a flashback query on the table

View

Issue a flashback query on the view

Materialized View

Issue a flashback query on the materialized view

Index

Table

Create indices on the table

Insert

Table

Add rows to the table

View

Add rows to the view

Materialized View

Add rows to the materialized view

On Commit Refresh

Table

Create a materialized refresh on commit on the table. (Note: the privilege is on the table, not on the resultant view.)

Query Rewrite

Table

Create a materialized view on the table for Query Rewrite. (Note: the privilege is on the table, not on the resultant view.)

Read

Directory

Gives read permission on files stored on the operating system directory referenced

References

Table

Create a constraint that references the table

View

Create foreign key constraints that reference the view

Select

Table

Query the table. (You will need this privilege in addition to UPDATE and DELETE privileges if the database you're modifying is on a remote database.)

View

Query the view

Sequence

Get and increment the value of the sequence

Materialized View

Query the materialized view

Under

View

Create subviews of the view

Update

Table

Modify data in the table using the UPDATE statement

View

Modify data in the view

Materialized View

Modify the data in the materialized view

Write

Directory

Gives write permission into the operating system directory referenced