Home > Articles > Operating Systems, Server

This chapter is from the book

3.2 Law of the Jungle—Physical Security

DANGER LEVEL

While I consider an important part of civilization to be reducing the need for the law of the jungle in one's daily life, sadly it still must be considered. The despicable and cowardly acts of a small group of people on September 11, 2001 in murdering nearly 4,000 innocent people reminds us that all security and civilization ultimately depend on physical security and force. Without it, there is no security or civilization. Some people suggested that the U.S. response should have been the detonation of a nuclear weapon in Afghanistan, regardless of the consequence. This indicates that excess security can cause more harm than good.

In this case, the harm would be millions of deaths and the likely start of world war. There is ongoing debate over whether the U.S. intelligence services should have assassinated Osama bin Laden after the first time his terrorists attacked the World Trade Center some years ago. As we all know, the best solution is not always obvious nor will there be universal acceptance of any solution.

Two of my clients were relieved of their laptop computers at gunpoint, one with his only backup, on CD-RW, still in the system. A third client suffered because a student, who was unhappy with his restricted network privileges that came as a result of the student's violation of security policy, broke into the SysAdmin's office for revenge.

Gone are the days of ivory-tower mainframes (although the mainframe still is very much alive) where you had to know a secret incantation and handshake to get into the server room. As computing has become less expensive and smaller, it has become more distributed. This allows workgroup servers to be physically located closer to those who use them. This advantage also has a downside. The value of the data located on these distributed servers has increased, and is easier to obtain. A skilled intruder can remove a hard drive from a tower system in five minutes and from most laptops in one minute.

The physical console of the Linux server almost universally is considered a privileged console where root can log in. Linux also considers the keyboard directly attached to the system more than just an input device. The dreaded three-finger salute (Ctrl-Alt-Del) will reboot a Linux box (unless specifically disabled), and the power switch and reset button will still be working. See "Physical Actions" on page 125 to learn other things that crackers do when they get physical access to systems.

To prevent problems of access to these privileged devices (i.e., power switch, reset button, and keyboard), access to your Linux-based server should be controlled through physical means. If this requires you to keep it in a locked room, closet, or cabinet, consider this investment in physically securing the machine to be money well spent. Consider for a moment a tape drive attached to the server. Most modern tape drives can store from 2 GB to 200 GB. By not physically securing the system,4 a well-placed bribe to a janitor, an excuse about forgotten keys, or a disgruntled employee very quickly could result in the removal of the completed backup tape. The intruder then would have all of your financial, customer, inventory, and other critical data. This information could wind up in the hands of a competitor or on the Internet. The trend toward network backups makes the likelihood much greater of storing all this data on that one tape.

Remember, it is not really the hardware you are protecting. Hardware is cheap. Your data, however, is not. It represents your business. You bill clients and make decisions based on it. By not taking adequate steps to protect it, you leave yourself open to theft, modification, or loss.

In many organizations physical security and computer security are two separate departments with no dialog between them. Worse, "turf wars" can cause managers to determine who and what is located where, rather than what will provide the best security. At one company where I did a security audit, a set of consultants who clearly were not trusted had been given offices right next to SysAdmins. The SysAdmins left root shells accessible. Nearby, programmers were creating their next generation of software. In the same hallway, in the open, were servers with confidential data.

The following are some suggestions for improved physical security. Not all are appropriate for all environments.

  1. Make frequent backups and relocate them off-site. My general rule is that the likelihood of simultaneous damage to the main site and the off-site backup locations should be remote. Theft, fire, and equipment failure are the most likely events to guard against. Do not forget that with a fire you can expect anything not waterproof to be destroyed by sprinklers or fire hoses.

    Home users can store backups in bank safety deposit boxes, the office, or at a trusted friend's. Storage in an automobile during the summer will result in melted plastic. Off-site backups can be as easy as e-mailing or copying recent critical work to another site, typically one's home or office account or system. Confidential data should be encrypted before mailing, copying, or storing on a less than very secure site. See "Protecting User Sessions with SSH" on page 409 and "Using GPG to Encrypt Files the Easy Way" on page 431.

  2. Have and enforce a policy requiring employees to challenge any unknown persons for proof they belong (or to contact Security or Management).

  3. Do not locate Ethernet jacks in public areas where nonemployees can plug in Laptops, unless the Ethernet segment is separated from internal networks by a firewall.

  4. Make needed changes to physical construction to enforce security. Areas that visitors, clients, vendors, and others frequent should be securely separated from areas where confidential data might be. This includes Engineering, Human Resources, anywhere customer lists are kept, and any executive's offices. Even at small companies, I have seen strangers wandering about such areas unchallenged.

  5. Use cardkey-controlled doors (with secure logging of accesses) and ensure that doors propped open for more than 30 seconds generate an alarm. Use guards and TV cameras when appropriate.

  6. Test security periodically by having someone unknown to the guards (but with prior written approval by management) test security. Then fire the guard or security company if your plant gets in. Require that any contract with the guard service allow this. Recent FBI tests of security showed that most guards are all too eager to accommodate strangers and allow unauthorized access.

  7. Do not trust fingerprint readers, as many of the current ones can be defeated by gelatin molds made from latent prints (as in from fingerprints left on a glass at the local bar) for about $50.5 This technique worked 80 percent of the time against 11 commercial readers, works even if the guard is watching, and the evidence can be eaten afterwards.6 If you have the original finger itself then it can be done for $10 in one step. Other techniques such as retinal scanning and measuring finger geometry also have been discovered to be far less reliable than claimed.

    A study in May of 2002 where face recognition software was tested at the West Palm Beach, Florida, airport showed a shocking failure rate of 50 percent. The U.S. Defense Department found that eye iris recognition systems were successful on only 94 percent of subjects.

    rant_mode = on

    In early 2000, in response to another wave of vulnerabilities having been discovered in Windows, Bill Gates said that he would solve the security problems with biometrics (i.e., support for fingerprint readers, retinal scanners, and the like). At the time, I believed this to be fear, uncertainty, and doubt (FUD) to distract from the real problem of software design flaws and bugs that biometrics would not fix anyway. So where is this Windows security that was promised?

    In early 2002, in response to yet another wave of vulnerabilities having been discovered in Windows, Bill Gates said that he would solve the security problem by emphasizing better security and telling developers to spend a whole month on just security (to fix 20 years of insecure code and design problems). So where is this Windows security that was promised?

  8. Plan on laptops being stolen or destroyed by accident. Recognize that an executive, salesman, or engineer will be keeping confidential data on it, so set them up with an encrypted file system that requires a password to be entered on bootup or when resuming work.

  9. Configure each system to lock its keyboard after 10 minutes or so of inactivity and ensure that the lock program cannot be broken. Better still, use tcsh and configure it to do auto logout. This can be done by assigning the number of minutes of idle time before logging out to the autologout variable. For 20 minutes of idle time, issue the command

  10. set autologout=20

    There used to be support for auto logout in bash, but it appears to have been removed.

  11. Do not rely on X-based screen-locking programs. They can be broken merely by doing Ctrl-Alt-F2 to switch to a different virtual console, Ctrl-Alt-F1 to switch back to the original console where the user already is logged in, and then Control-C to kill X. If you left root or any other user logged in on a different virtual console then they will get a bonus. Disabling virtual consoles may prevent this avenue of attack but there may be other avenues. If high security is required, X should not be on the system anyway.

  12. You can disable most virtual consoles by editing the /etc/inittab and removing the lines that read:

    2:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2
    3:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3
    4:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4
    5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty5

    However, this will not prevent a user from starting X in background mode with startx&, thus leaving the first virtual console completely open and ready for mischief.

  13. In some environments it may be appropriate to remove CD-ROM/DVD burners, tape and floppy drives, and USB and parallel port access from most systems to prevent a rogue from making and removing backups. On PCs, disabling these in the CMOS and applying a CMOS password will limit activity from less-knowledgeable would-be thieves. This also prevents the making of legitimate backups and may not be worth any hostility, so it must be considered carefully. Simply purchasing new equipment without these features may be a politically more acceptable solution.

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020