Home > Articles > Operating Systems, Server > Microsoft Servers

📄 Contents

  1. SSPI and Windows 2000 Security Architecture
  2. Sample Project: Using SSPI to Kerberize Applications
  3. Summary
  4. References
Like this article? We recommend

Sample Project: Using SSPI to Kerberize Applications

In this SSPI sample project, we will define a few C++ classes to hide complexities of using SSPI and Kerberos to kerberize applications. As you will see, the classes are designed to facilitate the authentication and secure messaging in a socket-based client/server application. In our sample project, we follow the steps we outlined earlier on how to use SSPI. Note that all the code listings show parts of the C++ classes. While reading the code, keep in mind that error handling is often omitted for brevity. The complete project can be found on the companion CD-ROM.

Let's first look at the CKerberostop-level class. The constructor for this class loads the secur32.dll library, the default security provider, and then gets a pointer to the security provider function table, finds the Kerberos package, and uses the maximum token size of the package to initialize buffers used later during the authentication step. In Kerberos, SSP_NAME and KERB_PACKAGE are defined as secur32.dll and ker-beros, respectively, and SECURITY_ENTRYPOINTis set to InitSecurityInterface.

Listing 11-1 CKerberosClass

//-------------------------------------------------------------- 
// CKerberos - Constructor to load Kerberos package and
// initialize vars
//--------------------------------------------------------------
CKerberos::CKerberos() 
{ 
    FARPROC            pInit;
    SECURITY_STATUS    ss;
    PsecPkgInfo        pkgInfo;

    m_pInBuf = NULL;
    m_pOutBuf = NULL;	  
    m_hLib = NULL;	 
    // Load and initialize the default ssp
    //	 
    m_hLib = LoadLibrary (SSP_NAME);
    pInit = GetProcAddress (m_hLib, SECURITY_ENTRYPOINT);
    m_pFuncTbl = (PSecurityFunctionTable) pInit ();
    // Query for Kerberos package
    //
    ss = m_pFuncTbl->QuerySecurityPackageInfo (KERB_PACKAGE,
    Package may not exist", ss); 
    } 

    // Initialize vars
    //
    m_cbMaxToken = pkgInfo->cbMaxToken;
    m_pFuncTbl->FreeContextBuffer (pkgInfo); 
    m_pInBuf = (PBYTE) malloc (m_cbMaxToken);
    m_pOutBuf = (PBYTE) malloc (m_cbMaxToken);
    m_pkgName = KERB_PACKAGE;
    m_fHaveCtxtHandle = false;
    m_fHaveCredHandle = false;
    m_reqCtxtAttrs = 0; 
} 

We derive two classes from CKerberos: CKerberosClient and CKerberosServer. After loading the default security provider and setting up variables through the CKerberos constructor, each class's constructor calls the AcquireCredentialsHandle function to get a handle to the logged-on user's credentials. The first argument to this function is NULLbecause we want to use the credentials of the current logged-on user. We have to pass the name of the package we want to use-second argument-and the usage type to get the correct type of credentials. CKerberosClient uses SEKPKG_ CRED_OUTBOUND for the credential usage, whereas CKerberosServer uses SEKPKG_ CRED_BOTHto be able to do delegation if needed later. NULLis passed for arguments that are not used by the Kerberos package or that we are not interested in.

Listing 11-2 CKerberosClientClass

//--------------------------------------------------------------
// CKerberosClient - Constructor to get credential handles
//--------------------------------------------------------------
CKerberosClient::CKerberosClient(LONG ctxtAttrs)
{
    SECURITY_STATUS ss; 

    ss = m_pFuncTbl->AcquireCredentialsHandle (
             NULL, // Use current principal
             m_pkgName, // Set to "kerberos"
             SECPKG_CRED_OUTBOUND,
             NULL,
             NULL,
             NULL,
             NULL, 
             m_hCred, // Handle to the credentials
             m_credLifetime);
    if (SEC_E_OK != ss){
          throw CKerberosErr ("AcquireCredentialsHandle failed",
                    ss);
    }
    m_fHaveCredHandle = true;
    m_reqCtxtAttrs = ctxtAttrs; 
}

Both constructors of these derived classes take an argument that specifies the requested context attributes. The caller applications should use the appropriate context attributes flags when using these classes.

Listing 11-3 KerberosServerClass

//--------------------------------------------------------------
// CKerberosServer - Constructor to get credential handles 
//--------------------------------------------------------------
CKerberosServer::CKerberosServer(LONG ctxtAttrs) 
{
    SECURITY_STATUS ss; 

    ss = m_pFuncTbl->AcquireCredentialsHandle (
             NULL, // Use current user
             m_pkgName, // Set to "kerberos"
             SECPKG_CRED_BOTH,
             NULL,
             NULL,
             NULL,
             NULL, 
             m_hCred, // Handle to the credentials
             m_credLifetime
             ); 
    if (SEC_E_OK != ss){
          throw CKerberosErr ("AcquireCredentialsHandle failed",
                ss); 
    }

    m_reqCtxtAttrs = ctxtAttrs; 
    m_fHaveCredHandle = true; 
}

The Authenticate method of each class goes through the process of building the security token and sending it to the other side until the authentication is completed or failed. The security token is built by calling InitializeSecurityContext when in the CKerberosClient::Authenticate method. In the first call to InitializeSecurityContext, we do not use any input buffer, as there is no information received from the server to pass to this function yet. The client keeps calling this function until the return code specifies that there is no need to do so anymore. In subsequent calls to the function, we pass the security token we receive from the server in inSecBuffDesc. The security package uses the content of this buffer to build the security context and to authenticate the server if needed. The output buffer in outSecBuffDesc is the security token, under construction, we send to the server so that it can authenticate the client. By default, in Kerberos, the server authenticates the client. By requesting mutual authentication, a client is asking Kerberos to authenticate the server too. It is up to the client to terminate a connection if mutual authentication never took place, as shown in the following listing.

Listing 11-4 Client-Side Authentication

//-------------------------------------------------------------- 
// Authenticate - Authenticate the connection (client side) 
//                Target is the SPN of the service or the 
//                "domain\\username" of the service account
//--------------------------------------------------------------
void CKerberosClient::Authenticate(SOCKET s, SEC_CHAR *target)
{
    SECURITY_STATUS ss; 
    SecBufferDesc          outSecBufDesc; 
    SecBuffer        outSecBuf;
    SecBufferDesc          inSecBufDesc;
    SecBuffer        inSecBuf;
    BOOL                   done = false;
    DWORD                        cbIn;

    // prepare output buffer
    //
    outSecBufDesc.ulVersion = 0;
    outSecBufDesc.cBuffers = 1;
    outSecBufDesc.pBuffers = &outSecBuf;
    outSecBuf.cbBuffer = m_cbMaxToken;
    outSecBuf.BufferType = SECBUFFER_TOKEN;
    outSecBuf.pvBuffer = m_pOutBuf; 

    while (!done){
          ss = m_pFuncTbl->InitializeSecurityContext (
                           &m_hCred,
                           m_fHaveCtxtHandle ? &m_hCtxt : NULL,
                           target,
                           // context requirements
                           m_reqCtxtAttrs, 
                           0,      // reserved1
                           SECURITY_NATIVE_DREP,
                           m_fHaveCtxtHandle ? &inSecBufDesc : NULL, 
                           0, 
                           &m_hCtxt,
                           &outSecBufDesc,
                           &m_ctxtAttr,
                           &m_ctxtLifetime
                           );
          if (!SEC_SUCCESS (ss)){
               throw CKerberosErr ("InitializeSecurityContext
                                 failed", ss); 
          } 
          m_fHaveCtxtHandle = TRUE;
          done = !((SEC_I_CONTINUE_NEEDED == ss) ||
          (SEC_I_COMPLETE_AND_CONTINUE == ss)); 

          // Send to the server if we have anything to send
          //
          if (outSecBuf.cbBuffer){
              SendMsg (s, m_pOutBuf, outSecBuf.cbBuffer);
          }
          if (!done){
              RecvMsg (s, m_pInBuf, m_cbMaxToken, &cbIn);
          }
          // Prepare input buffer for next round
          //
          inSecBufDesc.ulVersion = 0;
          inSecBufDesc.cBuffers = 1;
          inSecBufDesc.pBuffers = &inSecBuf;
          inSecBuf.cbBuffer = cbIn;
          inSecBuf.BufferType = SECBUFFER_TOKEN;
          inSecBuf.pvBuffer = m_pInBuf;
          // Reset the size on output buffer. We reuse it.
          //
          outSecBuf.cbBuffer = m_cbMaxToken; 
        } 
    } 
    // Check if we did mutual attribute if requested.
    // CheckCtxtAttr throws an exception if the attribute
    // is not set
    if (m_reqCtxtAttrs & ISC_RET_MUTUAL_AUTH){
          CheckCtxtAttr (ISC_RET_MUTUAL_AUTH); 
    } 
}

As far as the server part is concerned, after a request is received from the client for authentication, the server starts the process by setting up the security buffers and calling the AcceptSecurityContext function. This is very similar to the client's Authenticatemethod. Note that both the client and the server Authenticatemethod take a socket argument as the first argument. The socket connection should be set up before using these methods by the caller applications. We use blocking sockets for simplicity.

We have defined an application-level protocol to send and to receive messages between the client and the server in our SendMsgand RecvMsgfunctions. In our simple protocol, which is suitable for TCP connections, we always send the size of the message first. See the sample code on the CD-ROM for more information on these functions and others not shown here.

Listing 11-5 Server-Side Authentication

//--------------------------------------------------------------
// Authenticate - Authenticate the connection (server side)
//--------------------------------------------------------------
void CKerberosServer::Authenticate(SOCKET s)
{ 
    SECURITY_STATUS    ss;
    SecBufferDesc            outSecBufDesc;
    SecBuffer          outSecBuf;
    SecBufferDesc            inSecBufDesc;
    SecBuffer          inSecBuf;
    BOOL                    done = false;
    DWORD                   cbIn;

    // Prepare output buffer
    //
    outSecBufDesc.ulVersion = 0;
    outSecBufDesc.cBuffers = 1;
    outSecBufDesc.pBuffers = &outSecBuf;
    outSecBuf.cbBuffer = m_cbMaxToken;
    outSecBuf.BufferType = SECBUFFER_TOKEN;
    outSecBuf.pvBuffer = m_pOutBuf; 
    while (!done){ 
         // Get the security buffer from the client 
         //
         RecvMsg (s, m_pInBuf, m_cbMaxToken, &cbIn);
         // prepare input buffer for second round 
         //
         inSecBufDesc.ulVersion = 0;
         inSecBufDesc.cBuffers = 1;
         inSecBufDesc.pBuffers = &inSecBuf;
         inSecBuf.cbBuffer = cbIn;
         inSecBuf.BufferType = SECBUFFER_TOKEN;
         inSecBuf.pvBuffer = m_pInBuf;
        // Reset the size on output buffer. We reuse it.
        //
         outSecBuf.cbBuffer = m_cbMaxToken; 

         ss = m_pFuncTbl->AcceptSecurityContext (
                &m_hCred,
                m_fHaveCtxtHandle ? &m_hCtxt : NULL,
                &inSecBufDesc,
                m_reqCtxtAttrs,
                SECURITY_NATIVE_DREP, 
                &m_hCtxt,
                &outSecBufDesc,
                &m_ctxtAttr,
                &m_ctxtLifetime
                );
         if (!SEC_SUCCESS (ss)){
               throw CKerberosErr ("AcceptSecurityContext failed",
                       ss);
         }
         m_fHaveCtxtHandle = TRUE;
         done = !((SEC_I_CONTINUE_NEEDED == ss) ||
                 (SEC_I_COMPLETE_AND_CONTINUE == ss)); 
         // Send to the client if we have anything to send 
         //
         if (outSecBuf.cbBuffer){
            SendMsg (s, m_pOutBuf, outSecBuf.cbBuffer);
         }
    }
} 

After establishing a secure connection, the client and the server can start exchanging secure messages. The CKerberos class defines four methods for secure messaging: SendSignedMsg, RecvSignedMsg, SendEncryptedMsg, and RecvEncryptedMsg. These methods should be used only if appropriate flags are passed to the constructors; otherwise, exceptions are raised.

To sign a message, two security buffers need to be allocated: one to keep the message and one for the signature itself. The size of the buffer needed to keep the signature is specified in the SECPKG_ATTR_SIZES structure, which we query by using the QuerySecurityAttributesfunction.

Listing 11-6 Sending a Signed Message

//-------------------------------------------------------------- 
// SendSignedMsg - Send a signed message. First send the message
// and then the signature.
//--------------------------------------------------------------
void CKerberos::SendSignedMsg (SOCKET s, PBYTE pBuf,
DWORD cbBuf)
{
   SECURITY_STATUS           ss;
   SecPkgContext_Sizes       ctxtSizes;
   SecBufferDesc             secBufDesc;
   SecBuffer                 secBufs[2];

   ss = m_pFuncTbl->QueryContextAttributes(
               &m_hCtxt,
               SECPKG_ATTR_SIZES,
               &ctxtSizes); 
   if (ctxtSizes.cbMaxSignature == 0){
         throw CKerberosErr("Message signing not supported");
   }
   secBufDesc.cBuffers = 2;
   secBufDesc.pBuffers = secBufs;
   secBufDesc.ulVersion = SECBUFFER_VERSION;
   secBufs[0].BufferType = SECBUFFER_DATA;
   secBufs[0].cbBuffer = cbBuf;
   secBufs[0].pvBuffer = pBuf; 

   // Build a security buffer for the message signature.
   //
   secBufs[1].BufferType = SECBUFFER_TOKEN;
   secBufs[1].cbBuffer = ctxtSizes.cbMaxSignature;
   secBufs[1].pvBuffer = (void *)malloc (
                                  ctxtSizes.cbMaxSignature);
   // Sign the message 
   //
   ss = m_pFuncTbl->MakeSignature(
                    &m_hCtxt, 
                   0,     // No quality of service in Kerberos
                   &secBufDesc,
                   0);    // We don't use sequence numbers 

   if (!SEC_SUCCESS(ss)){
             throw CKerberosErr ("MakeSignature failed" , ss);
   }
   // Send the message first
   //
   SendMsg(s, (BYTE *)secBufs[0].pvBuffer,
                            secBufs[0].cbBuffer); 
                          . 
   // Send the signature next. That is our 
   // protocol 
   SendMsg(s, (BYTE *)secBufs[1].pvBuffer,
                            secBufs[1].cbBuffer);
   free (secBufs[1].pvBuffer); 
} 

The security buffer that keeps the message has the SECBUFFER_DATA type. The second buffer, which keeps the signature, is of SECBUFFER_TOKENtype and should have a size equal to cbMaxSignature. After setting up the buffers, we sign the message. Our protocol is to send the message size first and then the message itself, in the same order in which we receive them in the RecvSignedMsg function. Note that no quality of service is supported by Kerberos.

If you request out-of-sequence packet detection in any of the constructors, you can pass a sequence number to the MakeSignature call. If you do so, the security package will keep this information in the signature and will report an error if you receive an out-of-sequence packet when verifying the signature. The security package does this by comparing the sequence number in the signature with the one you provide in the VerfiySignaturefunction. The application is responsible for maintaining the sequence numbers.

To verify the signature, after receiving the signature and the message, we allocate two security buffers and initialize the SECBUFFER_TOKENwith the received signature. The SECBUFFER_DATA keeps the message. The security buffers are put in the security buffer description and passed to the VerifySignaturefunction.

Listing 11-7 Receiving a Signed Message

//-------------------------------------------------------------- 
// RecvSignedMsg - Receive a signed message sent by calling 
//                 SendSignedMsg. 
//--------------------------------------------------------------
PBYTE CKerberos::RecvSignedMsg (SOCKET s, DWORD *cbBuf) 
{ 
   PBYTE             pBuf;
   PBYTE             sigBuf;
   DWORD             sigBufSize;
   SECURITY_STATUS   ss;
   SecBufferDesc     secBufDesc;
   SecBuffer         secBuf[2];
   DWORD             cbRead;
   ULONG             fQOP;

   // Receive the message size first
   //
   RecvBytes(s, (PBYTE) cbBuf, sizeof (*cbBuf), &cbRead);

   pBuf = (PBYTE) malloc (*cbBuf);
   // Receive the message	
   //
   RecvBytes(s, pBuf, *cbBuf, &cbRead);
   // Receive the signature size first
   //
   RecvBytes(s, (PBYTE) &sigBufSize,
                    sizeof (sigBufSize),&cbRead);
   sigBuf = (PBYTE) malloc (sigBufSize);
   // Receive the signature
   //
   RecvBytes(s, sigBuf, sigBufSize, &cbRead);
   // Build the input buffer descriptor
   //
   secBufDesc.cBuffers = 2;
   secBufDesc.pBuffers = secBuf;
   secBufDesc.ulVersion = SECBUFFER_VERSION;
   // Build the security buffer for message
   //
   secBuf[0].BufferType = SECBUFFER_DATA;
   secBuf[0].cbBuffer = *cbBuf;
   secBuf[0].pvBuffer = pBuf;
   // Build the security buffer for signature
   //
   secBuf[1].BufferType = SECBUFFER_TOKEN; 
   secBuf[1].cbBuffer = sigBufSize;
   secBuf[1].pvBuffer = sigBuf;
   // Verify the signature 
   //
   ss = m_pFuncTbl->VerifySignature(&m_hCtxt,
                           &secBufDesc, 
                      0, // no sequence number used
                      &fQOP); 

   if(SEC_SUCCESS(ss)){ 
      // OK. Return the message
       return pBuf;
   }
   else if(ss == SEC_E_MESSAGE_ALTERED){
           throw CKerberosErr("The message was tampered with");
   }
   else if (ss == SEC_E_OUT_OF_SEQUENCE ){
            throw CKerberosErr("The message is out of sequence.");
   }
   else{
            throw CKerberosErr("VerifySignature failed with unknown
            error");
   }
} 

To read the message and the signature, we first read the size of the message and the signature, allocate enough memory, and then read the message and the signature. We also read the message first and then the signature because that is the order in which the SendSignedMsgfunction sends them.

Message encryption and decryption work in a similar way. The difference is in the way we set up the security buffers. To encrypt a message, we first query the security context for the encryption-related size information. We then use this information to set up three security buffers: one to keep the trailer, one to keep the message to be encrypted, and one for the padding. The types of these buffers are SECBUFFER_ TOKEN, SECBUFFER_DATA, and SECBUFFER_PADDING, respectively. The message is encrypted in place. We then collect all the data and send it to the other side.

Listing 11-8 Sending an Encrypted Message

//--------------------------------------------------------------
// SendEncryptedMsg - Encrypt a message and send the encrypted 
//                         message 
//--------------------------------------------------------------
void CKerberos::SendEncryptedMsg (SOCKET s, PBYTE pBuf,
             DWORD cbBuf) 
{ 
   SECURITY_STATUS      ss;
   SecBuffer            inSecBuf, outSecBuf;
   SecBuffer            secBufs[3];
   SecBufferDesc        secBufDesc;
   SecPkgContext_Sizes  sizes;

   ss = m_pFuncTbl->QueryContextAttributes(
             &m_hCtxt,
             SECPKG_ATTR_SIZES,
             &sizes);

   if(SEC_E_OK != ss){
             throw CKerberosErr("Error reading SECPKG_ATTR_SIZES", 
                     ss); 
   } 

   // Prepare buffers to encrypt the message
   // secBufDesc.cBuffers = 3;
   secBufDesc.pBuffers = secBufs;
   secBufDesc.ulVersion = SECBUFFER_VERSION;
   inSecBuf.pvBuffer = pBuf;
   inSecBuf.cbBuffer = cbBuf; 
   secBufs[0].cbBuffer = sizes.cbSecurityTrailer;
   secBufs[0].BufferType = SECBUFFER_TOKEN;
   secBufs[0].pvBuffer = malloc(sizes.cbSecurityTrailer);
   secBufs[1].BufferType = SECBUFFER_DATA;
   secBufs[1].cbBuffer = inSecBuf.cbBuffer;
   secBufs[1].pvBuffer = malloc(secBufs[1].cbBuffer); 

   memcpy(secBufs[1].pvBuffer, inSecBuf.pvBuffer, 
              inSecBuf.cbBuffer); 

   secBufs[2].BufferType = SECBUFFER_PADDING;
   secBufs[2].cbBuffer = sizes.cbBlockSize;
   secBufs[2].pvBuffer = malloc(secBufs[2].cbBuffer); 

   // Encrypt the message
   //
   ss = m_pFuncTbl->EncryptMessage(&m_hCtxt, 0, &secBufDesc, 0); 

   if (ss != SEC_E_OK){
      throw CKerberosErr(" EncryptMessage failed", ss);
   }
   // Create the mesage to send
   //
   outSecBuf.cbBuffer = secBufs[0].cbBuffer +
   secBufs[1].cbBuffer + secBufs[2].cbBuffer;
   outSecBuf.pvBuffer = malloc(outSecBuf.cbBuffer); 

   memcpy(outSecBuf.pvBuffer, secBufs[0].pvBuffer,
      secBufs[0].cbBuffer);
   memcpy((PUCHAR) outSecBuf.pvBuffer + (int)
      secBufs[0].cbBuffer, secBufs[1].pvBuffer,
      secBufs[1].cbBuffer);
   memcpy((PUCHAR) outSecBuf.pvBuffer +
   secBufs[0].cbBuffer + secBufs[1].cbBuffer, 
          secBufs[2].pvBuffer, 
          secBufs[2].cbBuffer); 

   free (secBufs[0].pvBuffer);
   free (secBufs[1].pvBuffer);
   free (secBufs[2].pvBuffer);
   // Send everything to the server
   // 
   SendMsg(s, (PBYTE) outSecBuf.pvBuffer, outSecBuf.cbBuffer); 
   free(outSecBuf.pvBuffer); 
}

To decrypt a message, we first receive the encrypted message. Because we don't know the size of the message, we first read the size information, allocate enough memory, and then receive the encrypted message. To do the decryption, we need to set up two security buffers this time: one to keep the encrypted message and one to hold the result of the decryption process. The types of these buffers are SECBUFFER_STREAM and SECBUFFER_DATA, respectively. We then call the decryption function.

Listing 11-9 Receiving an Encrypted Message

//-------------------------------------------------------- 
// RecvEncryptedMsg - Receive an encrypted message sent by
// SendEncryptedMsg
//--------------------------------------------------------
PBYTE CKerberos::RecvEncryptedMsg (SOCKET s, DWORD *cbBuf)
{ 
   SECURITY_STATUS      ss;
   SecBuffer            secBufs[2];
   SecBufferDesc        secBufDesc;
   PBYTE                pBuf;
   DWORD                cbRead;
   ULONG                qop;

   // Receive the encrypted message size first
   //
   RecvBytes(s, (PBYTE) cbBuf, sizeof (*cbBuf), &cbRead);
   pBuf = (PBYTE) malloc (*cbBuf);
   // Recieve the encrypted message
   //
   RecvBytes(s, pBuf, *cbBuf, &cbRead);
   // Build the security buffers for decryption
   //
   secBufDesc.cBuffers = 2;
   secBufDesc.pBuffers = secBufs;
   secBufDesc.ulVersion = SECBUFFER_VERSION;
   // Keep the encrypted message here
   //
   secBufs[0].BufferType = SECBUFFER_STREAM;
   secBufs[0].pvBuffer = pBuf;
   secBufs[0].cbBuffer = *cbBuf;
   // Buffer to keep the decrypted message
   secBufs[1].BufferType = SECBUFFER_DATA;
   secBufs[1].cbBuffer = 0;
   secBufs[1].pvBuffer = NULL; 

   ss = m_pFuncTbl->DecryptMessage(&m_hCtxt, 
                                   &secBufDesc, 
                                   0,  // no sequence number
                                   &qop);
   if (ss != SEC_E_OK){
      free (pBuf);
      throw CKerberosErr("DecryptMessage failed", ss);
   }
   *cbBuf = secBufs[1].cbBuffer;
   return ((PBYTE) (secBufs[1].pvBuffer));
} 

The CKerberosServer class has other methods to impersonate the client, to stop impersonation, to display security context attributes, and so on. Refer to the source code on the companion CD-ROM for more information and for the example code on how to use these classes.

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020