Home > Articles > Open Source > Python

This chapter is from the book

2.6 struct—Binary Data Structures

  • Purpose Convert between strings and binary data.
  • Python Version 1.4 and later

The struct module includes functions for converting between strings of bytes and native Python data types, such as numbers and strings.

2.6.1 Functions vs. Struct Class

There is a set of module-level functions for working with structured values, and there is also the Struct class. Format specifiers are converted from their string format to a compiled representation, similar to the way regular expressions are handled. The conversion takes some resources, so it is typically more efficient to do it once when creating a Struct instance and call methods on the instance, instead of using the module-level functions. The following examples all use the Struct class.

2.6.2 Packing and Unpacking

Structs support packing data into strings and unpacking data from strings using format specifiers made up of characters representing the data type and optional count and endianness indicators. Refer to the standard library documentation for a complete list of the supported format specifiers.

In this example, the specifier calls for an integer or long value, a two-character string, and a floating-point number. The spaces in the format specifier are included to separate the type indicators and are ignored when the format is compiled.

import struct
import binascii

values = (1, 'ab', 2.7)
s = struct.Struct('I 2s f')
packed_data = s.pack(*values)

print 'Original values:', values
print 'Format string  :', s.format
print 'Uses           :', s.size, 'bytes'
print 'Packed Value   :', binascii.hexlify(packed_data)

The example converts the packed value to a sequence of hex bytes for printing with binascii.hexlify(), since some characters are nulls.

$ python struct_pack.py

Original values: (1, 'ab', 2.7)
Format string  : I 2s f
Uses           : 12 bytes
Packed Value   : 0100000061620000cdcc2c40

Use unpack() to extract data from its packed representation.

import struct
import binascii

packed_data = binascii.unhexlify('0100000061620000cdcc2c40')

s = struct.Struct('I 2s f')
unpacked_data = s.unpack(packed_data)
print 'Unpacked Values:', unpacked_data

Passing the packed value to unpack() gives basically the same values back (note the discrepancy in the floating-point value).

$ python struct_unpack.py

Unpacked Values: (1, 'ab', 2.700000047683716)

2.6.3 Endianness

By default, values are encoded using the native C library notion of endianness. It is easy to override that choice by providing an explicit endianness directive in the format string.

import struct
import binascii

values = (1, 'ab', 2.7)
print 'Original values:', values
endianness = [
    ('@', 'native, native'),
    ('=', 'native, standard'),
    ('<', 'little-endian'),
    ('>', 'big-endian'),
    ('!', 'network'),
    ]

for code, name in endianness:
    s = struct.Struct(code + ' I 2s f')
    packed_data = s.pack(*values)
   print
   print 'Format string  :', s.format, 'for', name
   print 'Uses           :', s.size, 'bytes'
   print 'Packed Value   :', binascii.hexlify(packed_data)
   print 'Unpacked Value :', s.unpack(packed_data)

Table 2.1 lists the byte order specifiers used by Struct.

Table 2.1. Byte Order Specifiers for struct

Code

Meaning

@

Native order

=

Native standard

<

Little-endian

>

Big-endian

!

Network order

$ python struct_endianness.py

Original values: (1, 'ab', 2.7)

Format string  : @ I 2s f for native, native
Uses           : 12 bytes
Packed Value   : 0100000061620000cdcc2c40
Unpacked Value : (1, 'ab', 2.700000047683716)

Format string  : = I 2s f for native, standard
Uses           : 10 bytes
Packed Value   : 010000006162cdcc2c40
Unpacked Value : (1, 'ab', 2.700000047683716)

Format string  : < I 2s f for little-endian
Uses           : 10 bytes
Packed Value   : 010000006162cdcc2c40
Unpacked Value : (1, 'ab', 2.700000047683716)

Format string  : > I 2s f for big-endian
Uses           : 10 bytes
Packed Value   : 000000016162402ccccd
Unpacked Value : (1, 'ab', 2.700000047683716)

Format string  : ! I 2s f for network
Uses           : 10 bytes
Packed Value   : 000000016162402ccccd
Unpacked Value : (1, 'ab', 2.700000047683716)

2.6.4 Buffers

Working with binary packed data is typically reserved for performance-sensitive situations or when passing data into and out of extension modules. These cases can be optimized by avoiding the overhead of allocating a new buffer for each packed structure. The pack_into() and unpack_from() methods support writing to preallocated buffers directly.

import struct
import binascii

s = struct.Struct('I 2s f')
values = (1, 'ab', 2.7)
print 'Original:', values

print
print 'ctypes string buffer'

import ctypes
b = ctypes.create_string_buffer(s.size)
print 'Before  :', binascii.hexlify(b.raw)
s.pack_into(b, 0, *values)
print 'After   :', binascii.hexlify(b.raw)
print 'Unpacked:', s.unpack_from(b, 0)

print
print 'array'

import array
a = array.array('c', '\0' * s.size)
print 'Before  :', binascii.hexlify(a)
s.pack_into(a, 0, *values)
print 'After   :', binascii.hexlify(a)
print 'Unpacked:', s.unpack_from(a, 0)

The size attribute of the Struct tells us how big the buffer needs to be.

$ python struct_buffers.py

Original: (1, 'ab', 2.7)

ctypes string buffer
Before  : 000000000000000000000000
After   : 0100000061620000cdcc2c40
Unpacked: (1, 'ab', 2.700000047683716)

array
Before  : 000000000000000000000000
After   : 0100000061620000cdcc2c40
Unpacked: (1, 'ab', 2.700000047683716)

See Also:

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020