Sun Cluster Environment: Sun Cluster 2.2
- By Enrique Vargas, Joseph Bianco, David Deeths
- Published Apr 4, 2001 by Pearson.
Book
- Sorry, this book is no longer in print.
Description
- Copyright 2001
- Edition: 1st
- Book
- ISBN-10: 0-13-041870-6
- ISBN-13: 978-0-13-041870-8
- High availability principles fundamentals and best practices to enhance data center procedures and application availability
- Sun Cluster 2.2 infrastructure architecture, supported components and data services APIs
- Sun Cluster 2.2 implementation administration, databases, data service API script templates, low-end NFS-server implementation, etc.
- Beyond Sun Cluster 2.2 technology overview of the new generation Sun Cluster 3.X product
The explosive expansion of e-commerce and the ever-increasing dependency on computer services have created a global demand for server availability. This Sun BluePrints publication describes elements that affect availability and introduces best practices that promote good work practices. The information contained in this publication helps increase availability at the datacenter level or at the single- server level.
The Sun Cluster 2.2 technology is explained in detail—the architecture, applications (including databases), low-end NFS servers, as well as maintenance requirements. This information can help customers apply specific product solutions to satisfy the most stringent high-availability requirements.
Sample Content
Downloadable Sample Chapter
Click here for a sample chapter for this book: 0130418706.pdf
Table of Contents
Preface.
1. High Availability Fundamentals.
Basic System Outage Principles. System Types-Availability. Requirements. Reliability Fundamentals. Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF). Failure Rate. Common MTBF Misconceptions. Availability Fundamentals. Reliability vs. Availability. Serviceability Fundamentals. Dynamic Reconfiguration. Alternate Pathing. Single System Availability Tuning. Configuring to Reduce System Failures. Reducing System Interruption Impact. Reducing Maintenance Reboots. Configuring Highly Available Subsystems. Datacenter Best Practices. Systems Management Principles. Hardware Platform Stability. Consolidating Servers in a Common Rack. System Component Identification. AC/DC Power. System Cooling. Network Infrastructure. Security. Systems Installation and Configuration Documentation. Change Control. Maintenance and Patch Strategy. Component Spares. Software Release Upgrade Process. Support Agreement and Associated Response Time. Backup and Restore. Sun Cluster Recovery Procedures. Campus Cluster Recovery Procedures. Summary.
2. Sun Cluster 2.2 Architecture.
What Is a Cluster? Single System Image. High Availability and Scalability. Single Point of Failure (SPOF). Sun Cluster 2.2 Software Components. Cluster Interconnect. Switched Management Agent. Cluster Membership Monitor. Cluster Configuration Database. CCD Architecture. Public Network Management. Cluster Reconfiguration State Machine. Volume Management. Data Service Layer. Data Services. Fault Probes. Parallel Databases. Clustering for High Availability. Logical Hosts. Cluster Topology. Asymmetric High Availability. Symmetric High Availability. Two-Node Clusters and Cluster Pairs. N+1 Topology (Three- and Four-Node Clusters). Ring Topology (Three- and Four-Node Clusters). Scalable Topology. SC2.2 Failure Fencing/Cluster Membership. Membership and Failure Fencing. N+1 and Ring Topology. Scalable Topology. Cluster Failure Scenarios. Architectural Limitations. Summary.
3. Sun Cluster 2.2 Components.
Server Platform Options. SPARCserver 1000E (SS1000E) and SPARCcenter 2000E (SC2000E). Ultra Enterprise 1 (Ultra-1) and Ultra Enterprise 2 (Ultra-2). Netra t Carrier-Grade Servers. Sun Ultra Enterprise Servers x20R/x50. The Sun Enterprise Server xx00. Sun Enterprise 10000 Server. Solaris Operating Environment Options. Public Network Interface Options. Combination of 10/100 Base-T Ethernet and SCSI Adapter Cards. Fast Ethernet. Quad Fast Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet. Token Ring. Asynchronous Transfer Mode. Fiber Data Distributed Interface. Private Network Interface Options. Fast Ethernet. Quad Fast Ethernet. Scalable Coherent Interconnect (SCI). Gigabit Ethernet Interconnect. Disk Storage Options. SCSI Storage Devices. Fiber Channel Storage Devices. Volume Manager Options. Solstice Disk Suite Software. Veritas Volume Manager (VxVM) Software. Veritas CVM Software. Data Storage Options. Raw Disk Storage. File System Storage. Data Service Options. Summary.
4. Sun Cluster 2.2 Administration.
Chapter Roadmap. Monitoring Sun Cluster Status and Configuration. Monitoring Tools. Cluster Logs. Managing Time in a Clustered Environment. Cluster Membership Administration. Starting a Cluster or Cluster Node. Stopping a Cluster or Cluster Node. Managing Cluster Partitions. Setting and Administering CMM Timeouts. Managing Cluster Configuration. Cluster Configuration Databases. Managing Cluster Configuration Changes. CCD Quorum. Shared CCD. Shared CCD Setup. Cluster Configuration Database Daemon. Resolving Cluster Configuration Database Problems. Administering NAFO Groups. PNM Daemon. Setting up PNM. Changing NAFO Group Configurations Using pnmset. Overview of the pnmset Options. Logical Host and Data Service Administration. Logical Hosts and Data Services. Managing Logical Hosts. Administering Logical Hosts. Cluster Topology and Hardware Changes. Administering Hardware and Topology Changes. Changing the Node Hardware. Changing Private Network Configuration (for Ethernet). Changing Private Network Configuration (for SCI). Changing Terminal Concentrator/SSP Connectivity. Changing the Quorum Device. Changing Shared Data Disks. Changing Node Topology. Summary.
5. Highly Available Databases.
High Availability for Business. Parallel Databases. Parallel Databases Using Sun Cluster 2.2 Software. Parallel Database/Highly Available Database Comparison. Failover Latency. Configuration Issues. Highly Available Databases. Minimum Configurations for Highly Available Databases. Cluster Configuration Issues Prior to Installation. Database Software Package Placement. Configuring Highly Available Databases. Creating Logical Hosts. Logical Host Syntax. HA Status Volumes. Setting Up the Logical Host Mount Point. Database Monitoring Setup. Fault Probe Account Setup. Database Monitoring. Fine-Tuning Fault Probe Cycle Times. Database Failover. Fault Probe Debugging. Handling Client Failover. Summary.
6. Sun Cluster 2.2 Application Notes.
Hardware Connectivity. Software Connectivity. Terminal Concentrator Setup. Changing the Terminal Concentrator's IP Address. Establishing a Default Route for the Terminal Concentrator. Administrative Workstation Setup. SC2.2 Client Software Installation. SC2.2 Client Software Configuration. Starting the Cluster Console. Cluster Nodes Software Installation and Configuration. Disabling the Local MAC Address. Setting the SCSI-Initiator ID. Solaris 2.7 11/99 Software Installation. Operating System-Post Installation and Configuration. Installing Recommended Solaris Operating Environment Patches. Veritas Volume Manager Version 3.0.2 Installation. Installing Recommended VxVM 3.0.2 Patches. Veritas 3.0.2 Software Configuration. Veritas VxVM 3.0.2 Post-Configuration. Sun Cluster 2.2 Installation. Sun Cluster 2.2 Post-Installation and Configuration. Failover Function Confirmation. Summary.
7. Sun Cluster 2.2 Data Services.
Highly Available Data Services. Qualifying a Highly Available Application. Client/Server Environment and Services. Crash Tolerance. Dual-Ported Data. Physical Hostname Independence. Multi-Homed Host Support. Handling Multiple IP Addresses on a Single Network Interface. The Failover Process. Dependent Data Services. Cluster Daemons and Reconfiguration. Data Service Methods. Data Service Method Registration. Data Service Method Execution Order. Data Service Method Program Arguments. Developing HA-Agents. SC2.2 Monitoring Tools. Summary.
8. Beyond Sun Cluster 2.2.
Main Features of the Sun Cluster 3.0 Software. Continuous Availability. Clustering within the Solaris Operating Environment. Operating System Clustering Advantages of SC3.0 Software. Topology. Topologies Supported by SC3.0 Software. Network Adapter Failover. Cluster Interconnects. Local Storage (Boot Disks) for SC3.0 Software. Shared Storage. Global Devices. Resource Group Manager. Data Services and Resource Types. New Cluster API. Object-based. Single System Image for Standard Applications. Global File System (GFS). Highly Available, Scalable Data Services. Types of Scalability. Communications Framework. Cluster Management. Summary.
Appendix A:
SCSI-Initiator ID. SCSI Issues in Clusters. Changing the SCSI-initiator ID Overview. Changing the SCSI-initiator ID. Using the Open Boot PROM (OBP) Prompt Method. Maintaining Changes to NVRAM. Summary.
Appendix B:
SC2.2 Data Service Templates. Starting, Stopping, and Aborting Data Services. Fault Monitoring. Summary.
Preface
Preface
This book is one of an on-going series of books developed by the engineering staff of the Sun BluePrints? Program. The Sun BluePrints Program is managed by the Enterprise Engineering group, and provides a framework to identify, develop, and distribute best practices information for Sun products.
If you are new to clustering, we discuss how a cluster is built and configured, plus more (a lot more)—we recommend you read the book from cover to cover. For those with cluster experience, the book has been set out in modular fashion—each section covers specific areas that can be quickly identified and referenced.
This book builds a solid foundation by detailing the architecture and configuration of the Sun Cluster software. The information provided in this book extends beyond the Sun Cluster infrastructure and introduces Sun Cluster 2.2 (SC2.2) applications, maintenance, and datacenter best practices to enhance datacenter efficiency and application availability.
The Sun Cluster 2.2 technology has evolved due in part to the involvement and commitment of its customers to achieve a high level of maturity and robustness. Sun Microsystems' participation in the cluster software arena began in the spring of 1995 with the introduction of the SPARCcluster? 1 product. Table P-1 is a timetable of cluster products released by Sun Microsystems (as of the time of this printing).
| Year | Product |
|---|---|
| Spring 1995 | SPARCcluster 1 to sustain highly available applications |
| Summer 1995 | SPARCcluster PDB 1.0 support for Oracle Parallel Server (OPS), Informix Extended Parallel Server (XPS), and Sybase Navigation Server |
| Winter 1995 | SPARCcluster HA 1.0 |
| Spring 1996 | SPARCcluster PDB 1.1 |
| Summer 1996 | SPARCcluster HA 1.1 |
| Fall 1996 | SPARCcluster PDB 1.2 |
| Fall 1996 | SPARCcluster HA 1.2 |
| Spring 1997 | SPARCcluster HA 1.3 |
| Fall 1997 | Sun Cluster 2.0 — Initial merge of SPARCcluster PDB and SPARCcluster HA product lines |
| Spring 1998 | Sun Cluster 2.1 |
| Summer 1999 | Sun Cluster 2.2 — Final merge of SPARCcluster HA into Sun Cluster |
In the summer of 1995, the SPARCcluster PDB (parallel database) 1.0 software was introduced to enable parallel node scalability—this product also supported a highly available application environment. The SPARCcluster PDB software enabled parallel database products such as Oracle Parallel Server (OPS), Informix Extended Parallel System (XPS), and Sybase Navigation Server to be used in a two-node cluster.
After the release of the SPARCcluster PDB software, a separate development group within Sun introduced the SPARCcluster HA (high availability) product in the winter of 1995. The SPARCcluster HA software enabled a highly available environment for mission-critical applications such as databases, NFS, and DNS Servers.
Although the SPARCcluster PDB and SPARCcluster HA software products had different architectures, and different algorithms for data protection, cluster membership, and data management, they shared functional similarities—both environments supported a subset of available Sun servers and storage devices, and used a network interconnect for cluster communications.
A fundamental difference between these cluster products was that SPARCcluster HA required Solstice DiskSuite? software to support shared disk storage, while SPARCcluster PDB required Veritas Cluster Volume Manager (CVM) software.
To maximize the investment in engineering resources, Sun Microsystems unified its cluster software development program and merged the SPARCcluster HA and SPARCcluster PDB solutions to create the Sun Cluster 2.0 software, which was released in the fall of 1997.
The Sun BluePrints Program
The primary purposes of the Sun BluePrints Program are research, development, and publishing of best practices using Sun products. These BluePrints provide the required building blocks to assist in the creation of high-performance, highly available, and highly reliable datacenters.
To ensure up-to-date information is available to customers, a Web site is provided to compliment the BluePrints Program:
http://www.sun.com/blueprints
The mission of the Sun BluePrints Program is to empower Sun customers with the technical knowledge required to implement an expandable, highly available, and secure information system within a datacenter using Sun products. The Sun BluePrints Program is managed by the Enterprise Engineering group. This group provides a framework to identify, develop, and distribute best practice information that can be applied across all Sun products. Subject matter experts in the areas of performance, resource management, security, high-performance computing, networking, and storage write articles that explain the best methods of integrating Sun products into a datacenter.
The Enterprise Engineering group is the primary contributor of technical content for the Sun BluePrints Program, which includes books, guides, and online articles. Through these vehicles, Sun provides down-to-earth guidance, installation tips, real-life implementation experiences, and late-breaking technical information.
Who Should Use this Book
This book is produced for experienced system administrators, system architects, and technologists interested in acquiring or enhancing their Sun cluster expertise. Those who use this book should be familiar with UNIX and the Solaris Operating Environment (Solaris OE).
How this Book Is Organized
This book is divided into two major sections:
Part I, Infrastructure
Describes basic availability concepts and Sun Cluster 2.2 architecture and its components. It contains the following chapters:
Chapter 1, "High Availability Fundamentals" on page 1
High availability is a fundamental component for today's mission-critical applications. Implementation of high availability now spans beyond the hardware and software platforms to include the total system infrastructure. This chapter focuses on the basic concepts and mathematical formulas that define reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS). Additionally, we discuss the best practices and elements that play a key role for increasing availability at the single node and datacenter levels.
Chapter 2, "Sun Cluster 2.2 Architecture" on page 31
The Sun Cluster 2.2 framework is a collection of integrated software modules that provides a highly available environment with horizontal scalability. Topics such as cluster topologies, cluster membership, quorum algorithms, failure fencing, and network monitoring are discussed.
Chapter 3, "Sun Cluster 2.2 Components" on page 77
There are many component choices to be made when assembling a cluster. This chapter discusses capacity, performance, and availability features of supported Sun Cluster 2.2 components-servers, disk storage, interconnect, and public networks. This information can help you assemble a cluster to match your requirements.
Part II, Implementation
Discusses the techniques necessary to design, implement, and maintain Sun Clusters.
Chapter 4, "Sun Cluster 2.2 Administration" on page 111
After a cluster environment has been installed, configured, and is in production, it needs to be correctly maintained to preserve its high availability. This chapter complements existing Sun Cluster 2.2 manuals, and addresses when, why, and how Sun Cluster 2.2 commands should be used to help increase availability.
Chapter 5, "Highly Available Databases" on page 187
Databases represent the transactional back-end of a large percentage of mission-critical applications. This chapter presents a general discussion on databases supported by the Sun Cluster 2.2 software—namely, Oracle. This chapter focuses primarily on the Oracle database, and discusses software installation, configuration options, logical host creation, and data service agent monitoring.
Chapter 6, "Sun Cluster 2.2 Application Notes" on page 231
This chapter provides the framework for implementing a cluster configuration from scratch. The techniques and issues involved in configuring a low-end, distributed NFS server are discussed.
Chapter 7, "Sun Cluster 2.2 Data Services" on page 281
Sun Cluster 2.2 software is equipped with a standard application programming interface (API) that enables programmers to transform existing applications into highly available applications. This chapter discusses the SC2.2 Data Services API and various routines required to manage an existing application under the SC2.2 infrastructure.
Chapter 8, "Beyond Sun Cluster 2.2" on page 301
This chapter provides an introduction to the pinnacle of the Sun Cluster technology (Sun Cluster 3.0). Topics discussed include global file services, scalable services, availability, and supported cluster configurations.
Appendix A: "SCSI-Initiator ID" on page 319
This appendix presents an in-depth tutorial for resolving SCSI controller issues when using multiple hosts that share SCSI storage.
Appendix B: "SC2.2 Data Service Templates" on page 339
This appendix is a collection of Bourne shell templates that support all data service agent routines.
Related Books
The books in Table P-2 provide additional useful information:
| Title | Author and Publisher | ISBN Number |
|---|---|---|
| Resource Management | Richard McDougall, Adrian Cockcroft, Evert Hoogendoorn, Enrique Vargas, Tom Bialaski; Sun Microsystems Press/Prentice Hall, Inc. (1999) | ISBN 0-13-025855-5 |
| Blueprints for High Availability | Evan Marcus, Hal Stern; John Wiley & Sons Inc. (2000) | ISBN 0471-35601-8 |
| In Search of Clusters | Gregory F. Pfister; Prentice Hall PTR (1998) | ISBN 0-13-899709-8 |