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CompTIA Security+ Exam Cram, 2nd Edition

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CompTIA Security+ Exam Cram, 2nd Edition

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  • Copyright 2009
  • Edition: 2nd
  • Book
  • ISBN-10: 0-7897-3804-X
  • ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3804-2

CompTIA® Security+ Exam Cram

Second Edition

Exam SY0-201

Diane Barrett

Kirk Hausman

Martin Weiss

The Smart Way to Study™

Covers the critical information you need to know to score higher on your Security+ exam!

  • Master and implement general security best practices
  • Systematically identify threats and risks to your systems
  • Harden systems by eliminating nonessential services
  • Secure your communications, networks, and infrastructure
  • Systematically identify and protect against online vulnerabilities
  • Implement effective access control and authentication
  • Create security baselines and audit your security infrastructure
  • Understand cryptographic principles, and effectively deploy cryptographic solutions
  • Organize security from both a technical and organizational standpoint
  • Manage every facet of security, including education and documentation
  • Understand the laws related to IT security, and the basics of forensic investigations

WRITTEN BY LEADING EXPERTS:

Diane Barrett (MCSE, A+, Security+) is a professor in the Network Security and Computer Forensics programs at the University of Advancing Technology. She belongs to several security user groups, including HTCIA and InfraGard.

Kirk Hausman (MCSE, Security+) has worked for more than 20 years as a consultant, trainer, IT manager, and network and security administrator. He works for Texas A&M University as assistant commandant for IT.

Martin Weiss (CISSP, Security+, MCSE) is a manager of information security gurus at RSA, the security division of EMC.

CD Features Test Engine Powered by MeasureUp!

  • Detailed explanations of correct and incorrect answers
  • Multiple test modes
  • Random questions and order of answers
  • Coverage of each Security+ exam objective

informit.com/examcram

ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3804-2

ISBN-10: 0-7897-3804-X

Sample Content

Online Sample Chapter

CompTIA Security+ Infrastructure Basics

Sample Pages

Download the sample pages

Table of Contents

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The CompTIA Certification Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Taking a Certification Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Tracking Certification Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

    Chapter Format and Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

    Exam Topics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Self-Assessment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

CompTIA Certification in the Real World. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

    The Ideal CompTIA Certification Candidate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

    Put Yourself to the Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

How to Prepare for an Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

    Studying for the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

    Testing Your Exam Readiness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Dealing with Test Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Day of the Exam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Part I: System Security

Chapter 1: System Threats and Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . 27

Systems Security Threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

    Privilege Escalation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

    Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

    Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

    Trojans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

    Spyware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

    Spam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

    Adware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

    Rootkits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

    Botnets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

    Logic Bombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

    Protecting Against Malicious Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Security Threats to System Hardware and Peripherals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

    BIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

    USB Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

    Handheld Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

    Removable Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

    Network-Attached Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Suggested Reading and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Chapter 2: Online Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Web Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

    Java and JavaScript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

    ActiveX Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

    Cookies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

    Common Gateway Interface Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

    Browser Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

    Peer-to-Peer Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

    Instant Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

    Simple Mail Transport Protocol Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Protocol Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

    SSL/TLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

    LDAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

File Transfer Protocol Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

    Anonymous Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

    Unencrypted Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Wireless Network Vulnerabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

    WAP and i-Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

    WLANs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

    Wired Equivalent Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

    Wi-Fi Protected Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

    802.11i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

    Site Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Network Device and Transmission Media Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Part II: Infrastructure Security

Chapter 3: Infrastructure Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 73

Port and Protocol Threats and Mitigation Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

    Antiquated and Older Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

    TCP/IP Hijacking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

    Null Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

    Spoofing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

    Man in the Middle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

    Replay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

    Denial of Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

    Distributed DoS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

    DNS Kiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

    DNS Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

    ARP Poisoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Network Design Elements and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

    Demilitarized Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

    Intranet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

    Extranet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

    Virtual Local Area Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

    Network Address Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

    Subnetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

    Network Interconnections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

    Network Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

    Telephony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

Network Security Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

    NIDS and HIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

    Network Intrusion Prevention System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

    Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

    Proxy Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

    Internet Content Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

    Protocol Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

Chapter 4: Infrastructure Security and Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Implementing Security Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

    Personal Software Firewalls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

    Antivirus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

    Antispam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

    Pop-Up Blockers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

Virtualization Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

Applying Network Tools to Facilitate Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

    Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

    Proxy Servers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

    Internet Content Filters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

    Protocol Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

Logical Access Control Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

    Security Groups and Roles with Appropriate Rights and Privileges . .  . . . . 119

    Security Controls for File and Print Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

    Access Control Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

    Group Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

    Password Policy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

    Logical Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

    Physical Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Risk and Return on Investment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

    Identifying Risk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

    Asset Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

    Risk and Threat Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

    Vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

    Calculating Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

    Calculating ROI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

Part III: Access Control

Chapter 5: Access Control and Authentication Basics . .. . . . . . . 141

Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

    Mandatory Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

    Discretionary Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

    Role-Based Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

    Access Control Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Authentication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146

    Kerberos Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

    Mutual Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

    Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

    Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus . . . . . 151

    Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

    IEEE 802.1x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

    Certificates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

    Username and Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

    Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

    Biometrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

    Multifactor Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154

    Single Sign-On . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

    Identity Proofing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Operating System Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

    Nonessential Services and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

    Patch Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

    Security Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157

Physical Access Security Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

    Physical Barriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

    Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

    Other Deterrents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Chapter 6: Securing Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . 169

Remote Access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

    802.1x Wireless Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

    VPN Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

    Dial-Up User Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174

    Secure Shell Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

    Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

    Internet Protocol Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

Electronic Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

    Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

    Pretty Good Privacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

    Undesirable Email . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Instant Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Web Connectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

    Hypertext Transport Protocol over Secure Sockets Layer . . . . . 184

    Secure Sockets Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

    Transport Layer Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

Suggested Reading and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

Part IV: Assessments and Audits

Chapter 7: Intrusion Detection and Security Baselines . . . . . . 193

Intrusion Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

    Methods of Intrusion Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

    Intrusion-Detection Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

    Honeypots and Honeynets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

    Incident Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Security Baselines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

    Vulnerability Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

    Hardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Chapter 8: Auditing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Using Monitoring Tools to Detect Security-Related Anomalies . . . . . 218

    Performance Benchmarking and Baselining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

    Performance Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

    System Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

    Protocol Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Monitoring Methodologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

    Behavior-Based Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

    Anomaly-Based Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

    Signature-Based Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Logging Procedures and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

    Application Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230

    DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231

    System Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

    Performance Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

    Access Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

    Firewall Logging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

    Antivirus Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

Periodic Audits of System Security Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

    User Access and Rights Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

    Storage and Retention Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240

    Group Policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Additional Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Part V: Cryptography

Chapter 9: Cryptography Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Encryption Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

    Symmetric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

    Asymmetric Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

    Key Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

Steganography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256

CIA Triad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

    Confidentiality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

    Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258

    Availability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Nonrepudiation and Digital Signatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Whole Disk Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

    Trusted Platform Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262

Hashing Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

    Cryptographic Hash Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

    Windows Authentication Hashing Algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264

Symmetric Encryption Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265

Asymmetric Encryption Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Wireless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

Chapter 10: Cryptography Deployment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275

PKI Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

    PKIX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

    Public Key Cryptography Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278

    X.509 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

PKI Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

    Certificate Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

    Registration Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

    Certificates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282

    Certificate Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

    Certificate Practice Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

    Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

    Trust Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

Key Management and the Certificate Life Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286

    Centralized Versus Decentralized. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

    Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

    Key Escrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288

    Expiration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

    Revocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289

    Status Checking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

    Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

    Recovery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

    M of N Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

    Renewal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

    Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

    Key Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

    Multiple Key Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Protocols and Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

    SSL and TLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

    Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

    Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol and IP Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

    Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

    Pretty Good Privacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

    Secure Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

Part VI: Organizational Security

Chapter 11: Organizational Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

Disaster Recovery and Redundancy Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306

    Redundant Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

    Utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

    Redundant Equipment and Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

    Service Level Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

Backup Techniques and Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

    Backup Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

    Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

System Restoration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Suggested Readings and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

Chapter 12: Organizational Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . 331

Incident Response Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

Forensics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332

    Chain of Custody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

    First Responders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

    Damage and Loss Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

    Reporting and Disclosure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Applicable Legislation and Organizational Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336

    Secure Disposal of Computers and Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

    Acceptable Use Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338

    Password Complexity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339

    Change Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

    Classification of Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341

    Separation of Duties and Mandatory Vacations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

    Personally Identifiable Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343

    Due Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

    Due Diligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344

    Due Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

    Service Level Agreements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

    Security-Related Human Resources Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

    User Education and Awareness Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

The Importance of Environmental Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347

    Fire Suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348

    HVAC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

    Shielding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

The Risks of Social Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

    Phishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

    Hoaxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

    Shoulder Surfing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

    Dumpster Diving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

    User Education and Awareness Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356

Exam Prep Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358

Answers to Exam Prep Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Recommended Reading and Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361

Part VII: Practice Exams and Answers

Practice Exam 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

 

Practice Exam 1 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Answers at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

Practice Exam 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

 

Practice Exam 2 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Answers at a Glance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439

Answers with Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440

Appendix: What’s on the CD-ROM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . 467

Multiple Test Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

    Study Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

    Certification Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467

    Custom Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Attention to Exam Objectives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Installing the CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

Creating a Shortcut to the MeasureUp Practice Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Technical Support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 471

 

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

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Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020