Home > Articles > Software Development & Management

An Enterprise IT Renovation Roadmap

This chapter closely looks at the problems faced by enterprise software today, the resulting requirements for an enterprise IT architecture such as an SOA, and how such an architecture can be established on the organizational level.
This chapter is from the book

This book makes a big promise: It is offering an IT renovation roadmap, which will leverage the concepts of Service-Oriented Architectures (SOA) on both the technical and organizational levels in order to create sustainable improvements in IT efficiency and agility. The aim of this roadmap is to strike a good balance between immediate gains on one hand and long-lasting improvements to the enterprise IT landscape on the other. An SOA should increase the capability of an enterprise to address new business requirements on the short term by reusing existing business logic and data models, thus incurring only minimal cost, resource, and time overheads, while minimizing risks, especially when compared to rewriting entire application systems. In addition, an SOA should provide endurable benefits in terms of agility because it provides a long-term strategy for the increase of the flexibility of an IT infrastructure.

This chapter closely looks at the problems faced by enterprise software today, the resulting requirements for an enterprise IT architecture such as an SOA, and how such an architecture can be established on the organizational level.

1.1 Agony Versus Agility

In 2003, Nicolas G. Carr published the heatedly debated article “IT doesn't matter” in the Harvard Business Review, claiming that “... like electrical grids or railroads, IT would become a ubiquitous commodity.” Regardless of your position on this issue—whether or not you consider enterprise IT a commodity—enterprises heavily depend on the IT backbone, which is responsible for running almost all processes of modern enterprises, be they related to manufacturing, distribution, sales, customer management, accounting, or any other type of business process. Because of today's highly competitive global economy, these business processes underlie constant change: Enterprises must constantly sense changes in market conditions and swiftly adapt their strategies to reflect these changes. Therefore, it is a key requirement for modern enterprise IT that changes in company strategy be reflected quickly and efficiently in the company's IT systems, which are the backbone for executing the strategy.

This is exactly where the enterprise software dilemma starts: Today's enterprise software development almost always suffers from lack of agility and from inefficiency. This means that enterprises are not able to match business requirements onto underlying IT infrastructure fast enough, effectively limiting the capability of the enterprise to react appropriately to market demands. In addition, the inefficiency of enterprise software development means that the development that is actually done costs too much when compared to the actual output.

If we look at a typical enterprise software system, we can normally observe an initial phase of high productivity and agility, as shown in Figure 1-1. During this Green field phase, the system is built with much new functionality, and initial change requests can be implemented relatively quickly and efficiently. However, after the initial system implementation has been put in place and the first couple of change requests have been executed, the ability to make more changes to the system deteriorates dramatically, and maintenance over time becomes harder and harder.

01fig01.gif

Figure 1-1 Change requests reduce the agility of a system over time.

This stagnation phase, which almost any enterprise software system experiences over time, cannot be explained by a single reason—a number of factors contribute to this phenomenon. Some of these reasons are related to software technology, such as the difficulty of making structural changes to an existing code base. However, most of the reasons are not of a technical nature but rather are related to reasons on the organizational level. For example, after the initial launch phase of a system, the project management and key domain experts are likely to move on to the next project, often leaving the maintenance of the system to less skilled maintenance workers, many times even without doing a proper hand-over. In addition, after the initial phase of euphoria about the new system, it might lose its internal lobby over time and thus the necessary political support within the organization. Tight project budgets often mean that fixes and changes cannot be done properly and are only done on an ad-hoc basis, without taking the existing order of the system into consideration. Typically, there is no time and budget for doing a proper refactoring of the system to ensure its long-term maintainability. Finally, critical structural decisions are often made on the side, without executing proper control—for example, an engineer might quickly write a small batch program to synchronize data between two systems, and 10 years later, a small army of developers is needed to deal with the consequences of this ad-hoc decision.

When looking at enterprise software, we are usually not looking at isolated systems, but at large numbers of systems with complex cross-dependencies that have grown over many years and with a high level of heterogeneity and redundancies. We rarely have sufficient in-house knowledge about the different systems, and we often need to cope with very different design and programming styles. Finally, people are getting used to this situation and are starting to think in terms of workarounds, not in terms of the “right” structures.

Some organizations might have found better ways of coping with these problems than others, but it's hard to find any organization today that can claim that it has completely sorted out these issues. For this reason, many organizations require an enterprise IT renovation roadmap to help providing a sustainable transformation into a more agile IT organization that is able to quickly and efficiently adapt to changing business requirements. This chapter lays out the cornerstones of this roadmap as it is presented in this book.

InformIT Promotional Mailings & Special Offers

I would like to receive exclusive offers and hear about products from InformIT and its family of brands. I can unsubscribe at any time.

Overview


Pearson Education, Inc., 221 River Street, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, (Pearson) presents this site to provide information about products and services that can be purchased through this site.

This privacy notice provides an overview of our commitment to privacy and describes how we collect, protect, use and share personal information collected through this site. Please note that other Pearson websites and online products and services have their own separate privacy policies.

Collection and Use of Information


To conduct business and deliver products and services, Pearson collects and uses personal information in several ways in connection with this site, including:

Questions and Inquiries

For inquiries and questions, we collect the inquiry or question, together with name, contact details (email address, phone number and mailing address) and any other additional information voluntarily submitted to us through a Contact Us form or an email. We use this information to address the inquiry and respond to the question.

Online Store

For orders and purchases placed through our online store on this site, we collect order details, name, institution name and address (if applicable), email address, phone number, shipping and billing addresses, credit/debit card information, shipping options and any instructions. We use this information to complete transactions, fulfill orders, communicate with individuals placing orders or visiting the online store, and for related purposes.

Surveys

Pearson may offer opportunities to provide feedback or participate in surveys, including surveys evaluating Pearson products, services or sites. Participation is voluntary. Pearson collects information requested in the survey questions and uses the information to evaluate, support, maintain and improve products, services or sites, develop new products and services, conduct educational research and for other purposes specified in the survey.

Contests and Drawings

Occasionally, we may sponsor a contest or drawing. Participation is optional. Pearson collects name, contact information and other information specified on the entry form for the contest or drawing to conduct the contest or drawing. Pearson may collect additional personal information from the winners of a contest or drawing in order to award the prize and for tax reporting purposes, as required by law.

Newsletters

If you have elected to receive email newsletters or promotional mailings and special offers but want to unsubscribe, simply email information@informit.com.

Service Announcements

On rare occasions it is necessary to send out a strictly service related announcement. For instance, if our service is temporarily suspended for maintenance we might send users an email. Generally, users may not opt-out of these communications, though they can deactivate their account information. However, these communications are not promotional in nature.

Customer Service

We communicate with users on a regular basis to provide requested services and in regard to issues relating to their account we reply via email or phone in accordance with the users' wishes when a user submits their information through our Contact Us form.

Other Collection and Use of Information


Application and System Logs

Pearson automatically collects log data to help ensure the delivery, availability and security of this site. Log data may include technical information about how a user or visitor connected to this site, such as browser type, type of computer/device, operating system, internet service provider and IP address. We use this information for support purposes and to monitor the health of the site, identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents and appropriately scale computing resources.

Web Analytics

Pearson may use third party web trend analytical services, including Google Analytics, to collect visitor information, such as IP addresses, browser types, referring pages, pages visited and time spent on a particular site. While these analytical services collect and report information on an anonymous basis, they may use cookies to gather web trend information. The information gathered may enable Pearson (but not the third party web trend services) to link information with application and system log data. Pearson uses this information for system administration and to identify problems, improve service, detect unauthorized access and fraudulent activity, prevent and respond to security incidents, appropriately scale computing resources and otherwise support and deliver this site and its services.

Cookies and Related Technologies

This site uses cookies and similar technologies to personalize content, measure traffic patterns, control security, track use and access of information on this site, and provide interest-based messages and advertising. Users can manage and block the use of cookies through their browser. Disabling or blocking certain cookies may limit the functionality of this site.

Do Not Track

This site currently does not respond to Do Not Track signals.

Security


Pearson uses appropriate physical, administrative and technical security measures to protect personal information from unauthorized access, use and disclosure.

Children


This site is not directed to children under the age of 13.

Marketing


Pearson may send or direct marketing communications to users, provided that

  • Pearson will not use personal information collected or processed as a K-12 school service provider for the purpose of directed or targeted advertising.
  • Such marketing is consistent with applicable law and Pearson's legal obligations.
  • Pearson will not knowingly direct or send marketing communications to an individual who has expressed a preference not to receive marketing.
  • Where required by applicable law, express or implied consent to marketing exists and has not been withdrawn.

Pearson may provide personal information to a third party service provider on a restricted basis to provide marketing solely on behalf of Pearson or an affiliate or customer for whom Pearson is a service provider. Marketing preferences may be changed at any time.

Correcting/Updating Personal Information


If a user's personally identifiable information changes (such as your postal address or email address), we provide a way to correct or update that user's personal data provided to us. This can be done on the Account page. If a user no longer desires our service and desires to delete his or her account, please contact us at customer-service@informit.com and we will process the deletion of a user's account.

Choice/Opt-out


Users can always make an informed choice as to whether they should proceed with certain services offered by InformIT. If you choose to remove yourself from our mailing list(s) simply visit the following page and uncheck any communication you no longer want to receive: www.informit.com/u.aspx.

Sale of Personal Information


Pearson does not rent or sell personal information in exchange for any payment of money.

While Pearson does not sell personal information, as defined in Nevada law, Nevada residents may email a request for no sale of their personal information to NevadaDesignatedRequest@pearson.com.

Supplemental Privacy Statement for California Residents


California residents should read our Supplemental privacy statement for California residents in conjunction with this Privacy Notice. The Supplemental privacy statement for California residents explains Pearson's commitment to comply with California law and applies to personal information of California residents collected in connection with this site and the Services.

Sharing and Disclosure


Pearson may disclose personal information, as follows:

  • As required by law.
  • With the consent of the individual (or their parent, if the individual is a minor)
  • In response to a subpoena, court order or legal process, to the extent permitted or required by law
  • To protect the security and safety of individuals, data, assets and systems, consistent with applicable law
  • In connection the sale, joint venture or other transfer of some or all of its company or assets, subject to the provisions of this Privacy Notice
  • To investigate or address actual or suspected fraud or other illegal activities
  • To exercise its legal rights, including enforcement of the Terms of Use for this site or another contract
  • To affiliated Pearson companies and other companies and organizations who perform work for Pearson and are obligated to protect the privacy of personal information consistent with this Privacy Notice
  • To a school, organization, company or government agency, where Pearson collects or processes the personal information in a school setting or on behalf of such organization, company or government agency.

Links


This web site contains links to other sites. Please be aware that we are not responsible for the privacy practices of such other sites. We encourage our users to be aware when they leave our site and to read the privacy statements of each and every web site that collects Personal Information. This privacy statement applies solely to information collected by this web site.

Requests and Contact


Please contact us about this Privacy Notice or if you have any requests or questions relating to the privacy of your personal information.

Changes to this Privacy Notice


We may revise this Privacy Notice through an updated posting. We will identify the effective date of the revision in the posting. Often, updates are made to provide greater clarity or to comply with changes in regulatory requirements. If the updates involve material changes to the collection, protection, use or disclosure of Personal Information, Pearson will provide notice of the change through a conspicuous notice on this site or other appropriate way. Continued use of the site after the effective date of a posted revision evidences acceptance. Please contact us if you have questions or concerns about the Privacy Notice or any objection to any revisions.

Last Update: November 17, 2020